痛い

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See also: いたい

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
いた
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
甚い
イタい (particularly the "cringy" sense)

Etymology

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From Old Japanese 痛し (itasi),[1][2][3][4] from Proto-Japonic *eta (painful). Might originally be an interjection; compare English ouch.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「痛い
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 痛く たく
[íꜜtàkù]
[ìtáꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 痛い [ìtáꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 痛い [ìtáꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 痛くない たくない
くない
[íꜜtàkùnàì]
[ìtáꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 痛かった たかった
かった
[íꜜtàkàttà]
[ìtáꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 痛くなかった たくなかった
くなかった
[íꜜtàkùnàkàttà]
[ìtáꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 痛いです いです [ìtáꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 痛くて たくて
くて
[íꜜtàkùtè]
[ìtáꜜkùtè]
Conditional 痛ければ たければ
ければ
[íꜜtàkèrèbà]
[ìtáꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(いた) (itai-i (adverbial (いた) (itaku))

  1. painful
    (あたま)(いた)
    Atama ga itai.
    I have a headache.
    (なか)(いた)
    Onaka ga itai.
    My stomach hurts.
    (いた)っ!
    Ita'!
    Ow!
  2. イタい: (slang) cringy; embarrassing
  3. (obsolete) wonderful, pleasant

Usage notes

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The desiderative suffix たい (tai) is ultimately derived from this word. The sense of “wonderful” may have influenced this development.

The shift in meaning towards only meaning “painful” is similar to the changes of the word すばらしい (subarashii, terrible→wonderful) or of English terrific, sick, and wicked, and contrary to awful.

Inflection

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Synonyms

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Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese ita-”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  5. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō