芥

Translingual

Han character

芥 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人中中 (TOLL) or 難廿人中中 (XTOLL), four-corner 4422₈, composition ⿱艹介)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30715
• Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3182, character 6
• Unihan data for U+82A5

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Chinese

trad.		芥
simp. #		芥

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 芥
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (介) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
妎	*ɡaːds, *ɡeːds
芥	*kreːds
尬	*kreːds
界	*kreːds
介	*kreːds
疥	*kreːds
玠	*kreːds
砎	*kreːds, *kreːd, *ɡraːd
魪	*kreːds
价	*kreːds
衸	*kreːds, *ɡreːds
齘	*ɡreːds
骱	*ɡaːd, *kreːd
扴	*kreːd
圿	*kreːd
忦	*kreːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds) – a type of plant.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiè (jie⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiai⁴

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaai³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kài / kòa / kè

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiè
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiè
    • Wade–Giles: chieh⁴
    • Yale: jyè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieh
    • Palladius: цзе (cze)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jiai⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giai
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛi²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaai³
    • Yale: gaai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaai³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gai³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːi̯³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kài / kòa / kè
    • Tâi-lô: kài / kuà / kè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaix, koax, kex
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kai²¹/, /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kai⁴¹/, /kua⁴¹/, /ke⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kai²¹/, /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kai¹¹/, /kua¹¹/, /ke¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai²¹/, /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/

Note:

• kài - literary;
• kòa/kè - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: keajH

Rime
Character	芥
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古拜切
Baxter	keajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kɐiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨjH/
Li Rong	/kɛiH/
Wang Li	/kɐiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kăiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤr[e][t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kreːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	芥
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiè
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛjH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁr[e][t]-s/
English	mustard plant
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	芥
Reading #	1/1
No.	6522
Phonetic component	介
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	誡
Old Chinese	/*kreːds/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 芥

1. Brassica juncea
2. small grass
3. (figurative) tiny thing

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Japanese

Kanji

芥

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. mustard
2. rubbish, trash, dust

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)
• Kan-on: かい (kai)
• Kun: あくた (akuta, 芥); からし (karashi, 芥); ごみ (gomi, 芥)

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Korean

Hanja

芥 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 芥 (giới)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.