殺す: difference between revisions
→Etymology: add also note |
→Etymology: +reworking -- Ryukyuan is Japonic, should be compared more directly, and not as an afterthought to (rather unlikely) Semitic possibilities |
||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=ころす}}. First attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|殺}}</ref> From {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*kərəsu}}. |
From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=ころす}}. First attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|殺}}</ref> From {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*kərəsu}}. |
||
{{rel-top|Cognates and surface analysis}} |
{{rel-top|Cognates and surface analysis}} |
||
Cognate {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*korosu}} → {{cog|ryn|殺っすり|tr=khussuri}}, {{cog|ryu|殺すん|tr=kurusun}}, {{cog|tkn|殺っすん|tr=kussun}}, {{cog|yox|殺すん|tr=hurusun}}, {{cog|mvi|殺しぃ|tr=kurusï}}, {{cog|rys|殺すん|tr=kurasun}}, and {{cog|yoi|殺ん|tr=kurun}}. |
|||
Analyzed as cognate with {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}} and {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}}, in reference to a dead body being unable to move. |
Analyzed as cognate with {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}} and {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}}, in reference to a dead body being unable to move. |
||
Possibly cognate with {{cog|ko|죽이다|tr=jugida|t=to kill, to cause death}} and {{cog|ko|죽다|tr=jukda|t=to die}}, from {{cog|okm|죽다|tr=cwùktá|t=to die}}. Might be connected to {{cog|ine-pro|*kewh₂-|t=to [[hit]], to [[strike]]}} (whence {{cog|ine-toc-pro|*kāu-|t=to kill, to chop off}} → {{cog|xto|ko-}} and {{cog|txb|kau-}}, and {{cog|iir-pro|*kawš-}} → {{cog|fa|کشتن|tr=koštan|t=to kill, to murder}}), suggesting a [[Appendix:Glossary#wanderwort|Wanderwort]] in Asia. Compare also {{cog|ta|கொல்|tr=kol|t=to kill, to murder}}, {{cog|sem-wes-pro|*ḳaṭal-}} → {{cog|ar|قتل|tr=qatala|t=to kill, to murder |
Possibly cognate with {{cog|ko|죽이다|tr=jugida|t=to kill, to cause death}} and {{cog|ko|죽다|tr=jukda|t=to die}}, from {{cog|okm|죽다|tr=cwùktá|t=to die}}. Might be connected to {{cog|ine-pro|*kewh₂-|t=to [[hit]], to [[strike]]}} (whence {{cog|ine-toc-pro|*kāu-|t=to kill, to chop off}} → {{cog|xto|ko-}} and {{cog|txb|kau-}}, and {{cog|iir-pro|*kawš-}} → {{cog|fa|کشتن|tr=koštan|t=to kill, to murder}}), suggesting a [[Appendix:Glossary#wanderwort|Wanderwort]] in Asia. Compare also {{cog|ta|கொல்|tr=kol|t=to kill, to murder}}, {{cog|sem-wes-pro|*ḳaṭal-}} → {{cog|ar|قتل|tr=qatala|t=to kill, to murder}}. |
||
A [[Appendix:Glossary#surface analysis|surface analysis]] suggests a compound of {{com|jpx-pro|alt1=⟨{{IPAfont|*kə-}}⟩|pos1=prefix indicating a frozen or stiff state; see aforementioned cognates|alt2=⟨{{IPAfont|*-rə-}}⟩|pos2=indicates condition/state, ([[cf.]] {{m|ja|3=おおろか|tr=ōroka|t=neglectful|pos=from {{com|ja|nocat=1|凡|tr1=ō|t1=mediocrity|alt2='''ろ'''||か|pos3=adjective forming suffix|lit=of a mediocrity '''state'''}}}}|alt3=⟨{{IPAfont|*-su}}⟩|pos3=[[Appendix:Glossary#causative|causative]] and [[Appendix:Glossary#transitive|transitive]] suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state|nocat=1}}. |
A [[Appendix:Glossary#surface analysis|surface analysis]] suggests a compound of {{com|jpx-pro|alt1=⟨{{IPAfont|*kə-}}⟩|pos1=prefix indicating a frozen or stiff state; see aforementioned cognates|alt2=⟨{{IPAfont|*-rə-}}⟩|pos2=indicates condition/state, ([[cf.]] {{m|ja|3=おおろか|tr=ōroka|t=neglectful|pos=from {{com|ja|nocat=1|凡|tr1=ō|t1=mediocrity|alt2='''ろ'''||か|pos3=adjective forming suffix|lit=of a mediocrity '''state'''}}}}|alt3=⟨{{IPAfont|*-su}}⟩|pos3=[[Appendix:Glossary#causative|causative]] and [[Appendix:Glossary#transitive|transitive]] suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state|nocat=1}}. |
Revision as of 01:27, 29 November 2022
Japanese
Etymology
Kanji in this term |
---|
殺 |
ころ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
殺す (kyūjitai) |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *kərəsu.
Cognate Proto-Ryukyuan *korosu → Northern Amami-Oshima 殺っすり (khussuri), Okinawan 殺すん (kurusun), Toku-No-Shima 殺っすん (kussun), Yoron 殺すん (hurusun), Miyako 殺しぃ (kurusï), Yaeyama 殺すん (kurasun), and Yonaguni 殺ん (kurun).
Analyzed as cognate with 凝る (koru, “to freeze, to be frozen”) and 凍える (kogoeru, “to freeze, to be frozen”), in reference to a dead body being unable to move.
Possibly cognate with Korean 죽이다 (jugida, “to kill, to cause death”) and Korean 죽다 (jukda, “to die”), from Middle Korean 죽다 (cwùktá, “to die”). Might be connected to Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hit, to strike”) (whence Proto-Tocharian *kāu- (“to kill, to chop off”) → Tocharian A ko- and Tocharian B kau-, and Proto-Indo-Iranian *kawš- → Persian کشتن (koštan, “to kill, to murder”)), suggesting a Wanderwort in Asia. Compare also Tamil கொல் (kol, “to kill, to murder”), Proto-West Semitic *ḳaṭal- → Arabic قتل (qatala, “to kill, to murder”).
A surface analysis suggests a compound of ⟨*kə-⟩ (prefix indicating a frozen or stiff state; see aforementioned cognates) + ⟨*-rə-⟩ (indicates condition/state, (cf. おおろか (ōroka, “neglectful”, from 凡 (ō, “mediocrity”) + ろ (ろ) + か (adjective forming suffix), literally “of a mediocrity state”)) + ⟨*-su⟩ (causative and transitive suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state).
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "殺す"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
殺す | ころす | [kòrósú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 殺せ | ころせ | [kòrósé] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 殺される | ころされる | [kòrósárérú] |
Causative | 殺させる | ころさせる | [kòrósásérú] |
Potential | 殺せる | ころせる | [kòrósérú] |
Volitional | 殺そう | ころそー | [kòrósóꜜò] |
Negative | 殺さない | ころさない | [kòrósánáí] |
Negative perfective | 殺さなかった | ころさなかった | [kòrósánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 殺します | ころします | [kòróshímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 殺した | ころした | [kòróshítá] |
Conjunctive | 殺して | ころして | [kòróshíté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 殺せば | ころせば | [kòróséꜜbà] |
Verb
殺す • (korosu) godan (stem 殺し (koroshi), past 殺した (koroshita))
- to kill, to put to death
- 1984 November 15, Motoka Murakami, “鹿児島の猛者たちの巻 [The He-Men of Kagoshima]”, in 六三四の剣 (六三四の剣) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 17 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 18:
- よし! さっそくおめたちと稽古さしたい!それがオレからの返礼だ!この夏木六三四殺せるもんなら殺してみろ!
- Yoshi! Sassoku ome-tachi to keiko sa shitai! Sore ga ore kara no henrei da! Kono Natsuki Musashi koroseru mon nara koroshite miro!
- Alright! I’ll practice with all of you at once! Consider that my thank-you for welcomin’ me! If any of you think you can destroy me, Natsuki Musashi, do give it a go!
- Hon nara Natsukī‼ Mazu ibban ni oi to shōbu ja'‼
- Awrite den, Natsuki!! Ah’ll be yer first opponent!!
- (literally, “In that case, Natsuki!! Settle with me first and foremost!!”)
- よし! さっそくおめたちと稽古さしたい!それがオレからの返礼だ!この夏木六三四殺せるもんなら殺してみろ!
- to ruin, to spoil
- 地方色を殺す
- chihōshoku o korosu
- to spoil local colors
- 地方色を殺す
- to suppress, to stifle
- 声を殺す
- koe o korosu
- to suppress one's voice → to speak under one's breath
- 感情を殺す
- kanjō o korosu
- to suppress one's emotions
- 声を殺す
Synonyms
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 殺さ | ころさ | korosa |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 殺し | ころし | koroshi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 殺す | ころす | korosu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 殺す | ころす | korosu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 殺せ | ころせ | korose |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 殺せ | ころせ | korose |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 殺される | ころされる | korosareru |
Causative | 殺させる 殺さす |
ころさせる ころさす |
korosaseru korosasu |
Potential | 殺せる | ころせる | koroseru |
Volitional | 殺そう | ころそう | korosō |
Negative | 殺さない | ころさない | korosanai |
Negative continuative | 殺さず | ころさず | korosazu |
Formal | 殺します | ころします | koroshimasu |
Perfective | 殺した | ころした | koroshita |
Conjunctive | 殺して | ころして | koroshite |
Hypothetical conditional | 殺せば | ころせば | koroseba |
References
- ^ “殺”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
- Japanese terms spelled with 殺 read as ころ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- ja:Murder