gulēt
Latgalian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Balto-Slavic [Term?]. Cognates include Latvian gulēt and Lithuanian gulėti.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]gulēt
- (intransitive) to sleep
References
[edit]- M. Bukšs, J. Placinskis (1973) Latgaļu volūdas gramatika un pareizraksteibas vōrdneica, Latgaļu izdevnīceiba, page 362
- Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 57
Latvian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the same stem as the verb gult (“to lie down”) (q.v.), of which it was originally the iterative (and possibly causative) form. Originally it was an i-stem, as can be seen in dialectal forms like gulim, gulit instad of guļam, guļat. Cognates include Lithuanian gulė́ti, Sudovian gułd (< *gult).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]gulēt (intransitive, 3rd conjugation, irregular, present guļu, guli, guļ, past gulēju)
- to sleep, to be asleep
- gulēt visu nakti ― to sleep the whole night
- saldi gulēt ― to sleep sweetly (= deeply)
- gulēt saldā miegā, saldu miegu ― to sleep a sweet (= deep) sleep
- laiks gulēt ― it is time to sleep
- bērnam gribas gulēt ― the child wants to sleep
- (aiz)iet gulēt ― to go to sleep
- ej (nu) gulēt! ― go to sleep!
- guļ kā lācis ― he sleeps like a bear (= very long)
- gulēt dienvidu ― to take an afternoon nap (lit. to sleep midday)
- (of people, animals) to lie down (to be in horizontal position)
- gulēt uz sāniem ― to lie down sideways, on one's side
- gulēt uz muguras ― to lie on one's back
- gulēt ar vaļējām acīm ― to lie down with one's eyes open
- gulēt saulē ― to lie in the sun
- gulēt smiltīs, pludmalē ― to lie on the sand, at the beach
- to lie in bed because of sickness; to be bedridden
- gulēt ar gripu ― to be sick (lit. lie) with the flu
- gulēt ar plaušu karsoni ― to be sick (lit. lie) with pneumonia
- gulēt nesamaņā ― to lie unconscious
- gulēt slimnīcā ― to be (lit. lie) in a hospital (= to be in treatmnet)
- gulēt uz (slimības) gultā ― to be bedridden (lit. to lie in (an illness) bed)
- gulēt uz nāves gultā ― to lie in one's death bed (terminal patient)
- (of dead people) to lie, to rest (to be buried in a grave)
- gulēt mūžīgā miegā ― to lie in eternal sleep (= to be dead)
- gulēt zem (zaļām) velēnām ― to lie under the (green) grass
- tēvs guļ smilšu kalniņā ― father lies/rests in the sand hill
- kur viņi ir, manu seno dienu draugi?... cits guļ tālās Spānijas mežonīgo kalnu klintīs, cits Francijas pretošanās kustības nezināmo varoņu brāļu kapā ― where are they, the friends of my old days?... one lies (= is buried) in the rocks of the wild Spanish mountains, another one in the grave of an unknown hero of the French Resistance
- (of plants) to lie (on the ground)
- parastās, gulošās tomātu šķirnes ― a common, lying (on the ground) variety of tomato
- (of objects) to lie, to be in a lying position
- uz galda guļ maizes klaips ― on the table (there) lies a loaf of bread
- šķūnī guļ pērnais siens ― in the barn (there) lies last year's hay
- viņa jau jūt, ka smaga roka guļ uz viņas pleca ― she felt that a heavy hand (was) lying on her shoulder
- laivā gulēja loms: divas līdakas un vienu prāvs asaris ― in the boat (there) lay the catch: two pikes and one large perch
- (of objects) to lie (idle), to not be in use
- ceļu un transporta trūkuma dēļ neskartas guļ milzu bagātības ― due to lack of roads and transportation, giant wealth lies untouched (under the ground)
- viņš iegriezās zvejnieku savienības veikalā un apskatījās, kādas preces guļ plauktos ― he came into the fishermen union shop and checked which goods were lying on the shelves
- (of fluid substances, light, darkness) to spread over, to occupy (a place)
- pāri pilsētai gulēja nomākusies debess ― over the city a cloudy sky lay (= hovered, spread)
- virs upes jau gulēja sniega ūdeņi ― on the river the snow water was lying
- pār kalniem gulēja tumsa kā jūra pār koraļļu rifiem ― the darkness lay over the hills like the sea over coral reefs
- ielejā jau gulēja ēnas ― in the valley a shadow was lying
- rīta klusums gulēja pār zemi ― the morning silence lay (= spread itself) over the land
Usage notes
[edit]There are two forms of the present active participle: guļošs and gulošs, both acceptable (the latter more frequent). Some authors suggest that guļošs should only be used in the sense of “sleeping,” while gulošs would have the more general sense of “lying (down).” In actual practice, however, this distinction is often not maintained.
Conjugation
[edit]INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
1st pers. sg. | es | guļu | gulēju | gulēšu | — |
2nd pers. sg. | tu | guli | gulēji | gulēsi | guli |
3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | guļ | gulēja | gulēs | lai guļ |
1st pers. pl. | mēs | guļam | gulējām | gulēsim | gulēsim |
2nd pers. pl. | jūs | guļat | gulējāt | gulēsiet, gulēsit |
guliet |
3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | guļ | gulēja | gulēs | lai guļ |
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
Present | guļot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | guļošs, gulošs | ||
Past | esot gulējis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | gulēdams | ||
Future | gulēšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | guļot | ||
Imperative | lai guļot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | guļam | ||
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | gulējis | |||
Present | gulētu | Present Passive | guļams | ||
Past | būtu gulējis | Past Passive | gulēts | ||
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
Indicative | (būt) jāguļ | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | gulēt | ||
Conjunctive 1 | esot jāguļ | Negative Infinitive | negulēt | ||
Conjunctive 2 | jāguļot | Verbal noun | gulēšana |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- prefixed verbs:
Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “gulēt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
- Latvian etymologies from LEV
- Latgalian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Latgalian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Latgalian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latgalian lemmas
- Latgalian verbs
- Latgalian intransitive verbs
- Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latvian words with broken intonation
- Latvian terms with audio pronunciation
- Latvian intransitive verbs
- Latvian lemmas
- Latvian verbs
- Latvian terms with usage examples
- Latvian third conjugation verbs
- Latvian third conjugation verbs in -ēt
- Latvian irregular third conjugation verbs
- lv:Sleep