surgo

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsur.ɡo/
• Rhymes: -urɡo
• Hyphenation: sùr‧go

Verb

surgo

1. first-person singular present indicative of surgere

Latin

Etymology

From subrigō, surrigō, from sub- (“up from below”) +‎ regō (“lead, rule”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈsʊr.ɡoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈsur.ɡo]

Verb

surgō (present infinitive surgere, perfect active surrēxī, supine surrēctum); third conjugation

1. (intransitive) to rise; to arise; to rise from bed; to get up; to stand up

   Synonyms: ēmergō, assurgō, orior, coorior, oborior

   • 4th c., Jerome, Canticum Canticōrum 2:10

     Surge, properā, amīca mea, formōsa mea, et venī.

     Arise, hurry up, my beloved, my beautiful, and come.

   • 1520, Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine:

     Exsurge, Domine, et iudica causam Tuam; Memor esto improperiorum tuorum, Eorum quae ab insipiente sunt tota Die.

     Arise, O Lord, and judge your own cause. Remember your reproaches to those who are filled with foolishness all through the day.

2. (Old Latin, transitive) to lift up; to straighten

   Alternative form: subrigō

   Synonyms: levō, allevō, ēlevō, ērigō, excellō, scandō, ēvehō, efferō, sublīmō, tollō, ēdō

   Antonyms: abiciō, dēiciō

3. (of things) to occur; to take place; to arise; to manifest; to spring up
   • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 4.830:

     ‘auspicibus vōbīs hoc mihi surgat opus.’

     “May this work of mine rise under your auspices.”
     (Romulus has marked out the walls of Rome and prays for divine favor.)

4. (figurative) to become elevated or prestigious

Conjugation

   Conjugation of surgō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	surgō		surgis		surgit		surgimus		surgitis		surgunt
	imperfect	surgēbam		surgēbās		surgēbat		surgēbāmus		surgēbātis		surgēbant
	future	surgam		surgēs		surget		surgēmus		surgētis		surgent
	perfect	surrēxī		surrēxistī		surrēxit		surrēximus		surrēxistis		surrēxērunt, surrēxēre
	pluperfect	surrēxeram		surrēxerās		surrēxerat		surrēxerāmus		surrēxerātis		surrēxerant
	future perfect	surrēxerō		surrēxeris		surrēxerit		surrēxerimus		surrēxeritis		surrēxerint
passive	present	surgor		surgeris, surgere		surgitur		surgimur		surgiminī		surguntur
	imperfect	surgēbar		surgēbāris, surgēbāre		surgēbātur		surgēbāmur		surgēbāminī		surgēbantur
	future	surgar		surgēris, surgēre		surgētur		surgēmur		surgēminī		surgentur
	perfect	surrēctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	surrēctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	surrēctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	surgam		surgās		surgat		surgāmus		surgātis		surgant
	imperfect	surgerem		surgerēs		surgeret		surgerēmus		surgerētis		surgerent
	perfect	surrēxerim		surrēxerīs		surrēxerit		surrēxerīmus		surrēxerītis		surrēxerint
	pluperfect	surrēxissem		surrēxissēs		surrēxisset		surrēxissēmus		surrēxissētis		surrēxissent
passive	present	surgar		surgāris, surgāre		surgātur		surgāmur		surgāminī		surgantur
	imperfect	surgerer		surgerēris, surgerēre		surgerētur		surgerēmur		surgerēminī		surgerentur
	perfect	surrēctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	surrēctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		surge		—		—		surgite		—
	future	—		surgitō		surgitō		—		surgitōte		surguntō
passive	present	—		surgere		—		—		surgiminī		—
	future	—		surgitor		surgitor		—		—		surguntor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		surgere			surgī			surgēns			—
future		surrēctūrum esse			surrēctum īrī			surrēctūrus			surgendus, surgundus
perfect		surrēxisse			surrēctum esse			—			surrēctus
future perfect		—			surrēctum fore			—			—
perfect potential		surrēctūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		surgendī		surgendō		surgendum		surgendō		surrēctum		surrēctū

Derived terms

• assurgō
• cōnsurgō
• dēsurgō
• exsurgō
• īnsurgō
• praesurgō
• prōsurgō
• resurgō

Descendants

• Asturian: surdir
• Catalan: sorgir
• English: source, surge
• Old French: sourdre
  • French: sourdre; → surgir
  • Norman: sourdre; → sourguier
  • → Middle English: sourden, sourde
    • English: sourd (obsolete)
• Galician: xurdir
• Italian: sorgere
• Portuguese: surgir, surdir
• Sicilian: sùrgiri
• Spanish: surdir, surgir

References

• “surgo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “surgo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “surgo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to rise from one's bed, get up: e lecto or e cubīli surgere