عود
Arabic
Etymology 1
Root |
---|
ع و د (ʕ w d) |
16 terms |
From عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return, to turn back”) in the sense of a branch or other slender piece of wood being flexible.
The sense “oud, lute” can be understood as a Middle Persian [script needed] (lwt' /rōd/, “string; stringed instrument; barbat”) (> Persian رود (rud)), compare like liquid rebracketing in عَسْكَر (ʕaskar) and أَنْجَر (ʔanjar).
The instrument sense of the word then stands as an Arabic version of the Persian بربط (barbat), that featured a smaller more curved neck with greater tension, as well as a larger rounded belly created from steam-bent strips of wood. The Barbat was carved from one solid piece of wood, the larger size of the oud's belly was something not previously possible before the further development of using hot moisture to aid in bending thin strips. This characteristic technique became the traditional source of the instruments name;[1] for more see Oud and Barbat.
However there is a cognate instrument Ugaritic 𐎓𐎄 (ʿd, “lute, an instrument”) 1000's of years prior to this,[2] identified as an early chordophone with connection to the Sumerian 𒄑𒅗𒌣 (GEŠgu3.de2, “instruments in general, a lute”, literally “wood that has voice”)[3][4] This precursor to ouds and guitars was constructed of strings laid on a wood-staff that ran through the whole body of the instrument attached to a simple drum-like resonating body; as strings of lyres and drums were used prior, the distinguishing feature was this wooden rod.
Pronunciation
Noun
عُود • (ʕūd) m (plural أَعْوَاد (ʔaʕwād) or عِيدَان (ʕīdān))
- wood, timber
- stick, rod, pole
- branch, twig
- stem, stalk
- cane, reed
- aloe, agarwood, any plant with high moisture content
- a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات [ʿajāʾib al-maḵlūqāt wa-ḡarāʾib al-mawjūdāt][3], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1849, page 260:
- عود شجرة تنبت في جزائر بحر الهند عروقها تقلع وتدفن في الأرض حتى تتعفن منها الحشية فيبقى العود الخالص قال شيخ الرئيس مضعة يطيب النكهة وينفع الدماغ جدَّا ويقوّي الحواسّ والقلب ويفرحه وتدخينه بالسكر طيب جدَّا والسكر يقوّي رائحته وشراب العود طارد للرياح المؤلمة.
- Agalloch is a tree that grows in islands of the Indian sea and its roots are extracted and buried in the earth until they rot, of it one makes a stuffing and it stays pure, Šayḵ ar-Raʾīs says that a bit of it already is of nice smell and assists the brain in a serious extent and strengthens the senses and the heart and rejoices it and when smoked with sugar it is also very nice, sugar strengthens its smell and the syrup of agalloch expectorates doloriferous winds.[5]
- thin strip of wood, veneer
- (music) oud, lute
- body, build, physique
- strength, specifically tensile strength, force, intensity
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عُود ʕūd |
الْعُود al-ʕūd |
عُود ʕūd |
Nominative | عُودٌ ʕūdun |
الْعُودُ al-ʕūdu |
عُودُ ʕūdu |
Accusative | عُودًا ʕūdan |
الْعُودَ al-ʕūda |
عُودَ ʕūda |
Genitive | عُودٍ ʕūdin |
الْعُودِ al-ʕūdi |
عُودِ ʕūdi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عُودَيْن ʕūdayn |
الْعُودَيْن al-ʕūdayn |
عُودَيْ ʕūday |
Nominative | عُودَانِ ʕūdāni |
الْعُودَانِ al-ʕūdāni |
عُودَا ʕūdā |
Accusative | عُودَيْنِ ʕūdayni |
الْعُودَيْنِ al-ʕūdayni |
عُودَيْ ʕūday |
Genitive | عُودَيْنِ ʕūdayni |
الْعُودَيْنِ al-ʕūdayni |
عُودَيْ ʕūday |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَعْوَاد; عِيدَان ʔaʕwād; ʕīdān |
الْأَعْوَاد; الْعِيدَان al-ʔaʕwād; al-ʕīdān |
أَعْوَاد; عِيدَان ʔaʕwād; ʕīdān |
Nominative | أَعْوَادٌ; عِيدَانٌ ʔaʕwādun; ʕīdānun |
الْأَعْوَادُ; الْعِيدَانُ al-ʔaʕwādu; al-ʕīdānu |
أَعْوَادُ; عِيدَانُ ʔaʕwādu; ʕīdānu |
Accusative | أَعْوَادًا; عِيدَانًا ʔaʕwādan; ʕīdānan |
الْأَعْوَادَ; الْعِيدَانَ al-ʔaʕwāda; al-ʕīdāna |
أَعْوَادَ; عِيدَانَ ʔaʕwāda; ʕīdāna |
Genitive | أَعْوَادٍ; عِيدَانٍ ʔaʕwādin; ʕīdānin |
الْأَعْوَادِ; الْعِيدَانِ al-ʔaʕwādi; al-ʕīdāni |
أَعْوَادِ; عِيدَانِ ʔaʕwādi; ʕīdāni |
Descendants
Etymology 2
Verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return”), from the root ع و د (ʕ-w-d).
Pronunciation
Noun
عَوْد • (ʕawd) m
- verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda) (form I)
- return
- reversion, recurrence
- (law) recidivism
- repetition, reiteration
- a. 1274, Ibn Malik, Alfiyyah, verses 559–560:
- وَعَوْدُ خَافِضٍ لَدَى عَطْفٍ عَلَى / ضَمِيرِ خَفْضٍ لَازِمًا قَدْ جُعِلَا / وَلَيْسَ عِنْدِي لَازِمًا إِذْ قَدْ أَتَى / فِي ٱلنَّظْمِ وَٱلنَّثْرِ الصَّحِيحِ مُثْبَتَا
- waʕawdu ḵāfiḍin ladā ʕaṭfin ʕalā / ḍamīri ḵafḍin lāziman qad juʕilā / walaysa ʕindī lāziman ʔiḏ qad ʔatā / fī n-naẓmi wan-naṯri ṣ-ṣaḥīḥi muṯbatā
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- camel trained to be ridden
- p. 700, a forger of Imruʾ al-Qays, سما لكَ شوقٌ بعدما كان أقصر [4] [5]:
- وَإِنِّي زَعِيمٌ (var. أَذِينٌ) إِنْ رَجِعْتُ مُمَلَّكٌ / بِسَيْرٍ تَرَى مِنْهُ الفُرَانِقَ أَزْوَرَا
عَلَى لَاحِبٍ لَا يَهْتَدِي بِمَنَارِهِ / إِذَا سَافَهُ الْعَوْدُ النُّبَاطِيُّ (var. دِيَافِيُّ) جَرْجَرَا
عَلَى كُلِّ مَقْصُوصِ الذُنَابَى مُعَاوِدٍ / بَرِيدَ السَرَى بِاللَيْلِ مِن خَيْلِ بَرْبَرَا- wa-ʔinnī zaʕīmun (var. ʔaḏīnun) ʔin rajiʕtu mumallakun / bi-sayrin tarā minhu l-furāniqa ʔazwarā
ʕalā lāḥibin lā yahtadī bi-manāri-hī / ʔiḏā sāfa-hū l-ʕawdu n-nubāṭiyyu (var. diyāfiyyu) jarjarā
ʕalā kulli maqṣūṣi ḏ-ḏunābā muʕāwidin / barīda s-sarā bi-l-layli min ḵayli barbarā - And when I am the leader, back in the kingly rights, I trip so fast that you but see asquint the courier
on an open road guided by no waymark, when it is smelled by the Nabataean camel dragging forward
on every clipped bird-tail returning nocturnal journey’s mail by night from a horse that whinnied.
- wa-ʔinnī zaʕīmun (var. ʔaḏīnun) ʔin rajiʕtu mumallakun / bi-sayrin tarā minhu l-furāniqa ʔazwarā
- worn road
Declension
References
- ^ Jean During (1988-12-15) “Barbaṭ”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York
- ^ Matahisa Koitabashi: Musical Instruments in the Ugaritic Texts. In: Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan Vol. 39 (1996) No. 2 P 16-32
- ^ “gude”, in The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary[1], University of Pennsylvania, 2006; note: the ĝeš prefix is a determinative for wooden objects.
- ^ "194a" in Dominique Collon: Ancient Near Eastern Art. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1995 in conjunction with The Trustees of the British Museum, page 225.
- ^ Commented by Jacob, Georg (1892) Studien in arabischen Geographen[2] (in German), volume 4, Berlin: Meyer & Müller, pages 159–160, who identifies this use with Aquilaria agallocha.
Gulf Arabic
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Adjective
عود • (ʿōd)
Noun
عود • (ʿōd) m
- (Kuwait, colloquial) (with الـ (il-)) Emir of Kuwait
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Noun
عود • (ʿūd) m (plural اَعْواد (aʿwād) or عيدان (ʿīdān))
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
Verb
عَوَّد • (ʿawwad) (non-past يعود (iʿawwid))
- to make someone get used to something or someone
- عودنا عليك
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Hijazi Arabic
Root |
---|
ع و د |
1 term |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oud2.jpg/190px-Oud2.jpg)
Etymology
Pronunciation
Noun
عود • (ʕūd) m (plural أعواد (ʔaʕwād) or عيدان (ʕīdān))
- stick, rod, pole
- branch, twig
- stem, stalk
- cane, reed
- agarwood, aloe, any plant with high moisture content
- thin strip of wood, veneer
- (music) oud, lute
Moroccan Arabic
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Noun
عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عواد (ʕwād))
Etymology 2
From Arabic عَوْد (ʕawd, “camel trained to be ridden”).
Pronunciation
Noun
عود • (ʕawd) m (plural عودان (ʕawdān), feminine عودة (ʕawda))
Ottoman Turkish
Alternative forms
- اود (öd)
Etymology
Noun
عود • (ʼud, öd)
Derived terms
- عود آغاجی (öd ağacı)
Further reading
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “عود”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1327
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʔuːð]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʔuːd̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʔud̪]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | ūḏ |
Dari reading? | ūd |
Iranian reading? | ud |
Tajik reading? | ud |
- Rhymes: -uːd
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “aromatic wood”).
Noun
عود • ('ud)
Descendants
- → Gujarati: ઊદ (ūda)
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “wood; lute”).
Noun
عود • ('ud) (plural عودها ('ud-hâ))
South Levantine Arabic
Root |
---|
ع و د |
7 terms |
Etymology 1
From Arabic عَوَّدَ (ʕawwada).
Pronunciation
Verb
عوّد • (ʕawwad) II (present بعوّد (biʕawwed))
- (transitive) to accustom
Conjugation
Conjugation of عوّد (ʕawwad) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
past | m | عوّدت (ʕawwadt) | عوّدت (ʕawwadt) | عوّد (ʕawwad) | عوّدنا (ʕawwadna) | عوّدتو (ʕawwadtu) | عوّدو (ʕawwadu) | |
f | عوّدتي (ʕawwadti) | عوّدت (ʕawwadat) | ||||||
present | m | بعوّد (baʕawwed) | بتعوّد (bitʕawwed) | بعوّد (biʕawwed) | منعوّد (minʕawwed) | بتعوّدو (bitʕawwdu) | بعوّدو (biʕawwdu) | |
f | بتعوّدي (bitʕawwdi) | بتعوّد (bitʕawwed) | ||||||
subjunctive | m | اعوّد (aʕawwed) | تعوّد (tʕawwed) | يعوّد (yʕawwed) | نعوّد (nʕawwed) | تعوّدو (tʕawwdu) | يعوّدو (yʕawwdu) | |
f | تعوّدي (tʕawwdi) | تعوّد (tʕawwed) | ||||||
imperative | m | عوّد (ʕawwed) | عوّدو (ʕawwdu) | |||||
f | عوّدي (ʕawwdi) |
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Noun
عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عيدان (ʕīdān))
See also
- عودة (ʕūde, “stick, twig”)
Noun
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ع و د
- Arabic semantic loans from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Middle Persian
- Arabic rebracketings
- Arabic terms derived from Sumerian
- Arabic 1-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic terms with audio links
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- ar:Gums and resins
- ar:Malvales order plants
- Arabic terms with quotations
- ar:Musical instruments
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic verbal nouns
- ar:Law
- ar:Camelids
- Gulf Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Gulf Arabic lemmas
- Gulf Arabic adjectives
- Gulf Arabic nouns
- Gulf Arabic masculine nouns
- Kuwaiti Gulf Arabic
- Gulf Arabic colloquialisms
- Gulf Arabic verbs
- Gulf Arabic terms with usage examples
- Hijazi Arabic terms belonging to the root ع و د
- Hijazi Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Hijazi Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Hijazi Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hijazi Arabic lemmas
- Hijazi Arabic nouns
- Hijazi Arabic masculine nouns
- acw:Gums and resins
- acw:Malvales order plants
- acw:Musical instruments
- Moroccan Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic 1-syllable words
- Moroccan Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Moroccan Arabic lemmas
- Moroccan Arabic nouns
- Moroccan Arabic masculine nouns
- ary:Musical instruments
- Moroccan Arabic terms with audio links
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- ota:Gums and resins
- ota:Woods
- ota:Musical instruments
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Persian/uːd
- Rhymes:Persian/uːd/1 syllable
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- fa:Musical instruments
- South Levantine Arabic terms belonging to the root ع و د
- South Levantine Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- South Levantine Arabic terms with audio links
- South Levantine Arabic lemmas
- South Levantine Arabic verbs
- South Levantine Arabic form-II verbs
- South Levantine Arabic transitive verbs
- South Levantine Arabic nouns
- South Levantine Arabic masculine nouns
- ajp:Woods
- ajp:Musical instruments