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See also:
U+52AB, 劫
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AB

[U+52AA]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+52AC]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 19, +5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 47720, composition )

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
  • Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+52AB

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic (power, force)

Etymology

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“(Buddhism) disaster”
Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕiə⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕie¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiə¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕie²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
/t͡ɕie³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰie²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕieʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕieʔ²¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕia⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕie²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕie²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kiap̚¹/
Taoyuan /kiɑp̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kip̚³/
Nanning /kip̚³³/
Hong Kong /kip̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiap̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiɛʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kiɛ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiap̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kiap̚⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (147)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter kjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kɨɐp̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/kiɐp̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kɨap̚/
Li
Rong
/kiap̚/
Wang
Li
/kĭɐp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯ɐp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jie
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gip3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jié
Middle
Chinese
‹ kjæp ›
Old
Chinese
/*k(r)ap/
English rob

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 6438 10694
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1 1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kab/ /*kab/
Notes kalpa kalpa

Definitions

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  1. to coerce; to compel; to threaten
  2. to rob; to plunder; to take by force
  3. (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
    1. (hyperbolic) extremely long time
    2. (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Synonyms

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  • (to coerce):
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  • (disaster):
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (こう) ()
  • Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
  • Vietnamese: kiếp ()

Others:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. intimidate
  2. aeon, eon

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
こう
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/kopu//kofu/ → */kowu//koː/

From Middle Chinese (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, aeon).

Pronunciation 1

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Noun
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(こう) (こふ (kofu)?

  1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology
Derived terms
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Proverbs
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Pronunciation 2

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Noun
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(こう) (こふ (kofu)?

  1. (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
ごう
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/ɡopu//ɡofu/ → */ɡowu//ɡoː/

Possibly a shift from above. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ごう) (ごふ (gofu)?

  1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology
Derived terms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC kjaep). Recorded as Middle Korean /겁〮 (kép) (Yale: kep) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 위협할 (wihyeophal geop))

  1. hanja form? of (coerce; threaten) [affix]
  2. hanja form? of (kalpa) [noun]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: kiếp

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.