τρέφω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō with deaspiration of the /tʰ/ to /t/ by Grassmann's law everywhere except in forms where the /pʰ/ has been deaspirated to /p/ by a following consonant (future, first aorist, perfect middle). Further origin is disputed;[1] compare θρόμβος (thrómbos, “lump, clot, curd of milk”).
According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek substratum word, with the original concrete meaning apparently being something along the lines of “to congeal or curdle milk”, whence “to make grow, promote growth”. Within Indo-European, it is traditionally compared to Lithuanian dri̇̀bti (“to fall down in flakes”) and drė̃bti (“to throw a thick fluid”), Latvian drēbt (“to sleet (of damp snow falling)”).
The Greek term additionally bears resemblance to expressions for “dregs” in Celtic (cf. Middle Irish drab (“dregs, yeast”)), Germanic (Proto-Germanic *drabaz (“dregs”)), and Slavic (Proto-Slavic *droba (“crumb, sediment, dregs, yeast”)), linking it to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ-, whence also Lithuanian drebėti (“to quiver, to tremble”). It is possible that all these terms derive from the same substrate continuum. Compare also Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop”), commonly connected to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tré.pʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈtre.pʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.ɸo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈtre.fo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈtre.fo/
Verb
[edit]τρέφω • (tréphō)
- to make to grow, to increase, bring up, breed, rear (especially of children)
- to maintain, support
- to bring up, rear, educate
- to thicken, congeal, curdle
Inflection
[edit]| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔτρεφον | ἔτρεφες | ἔτρεφε(ν) | ἐτρέφετον | ἐτρεφέτην | ἐτρέφομεν | ἐτρέφετε | ἔτρεφον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐτρεφόμην | ἐτρέφου | ἐτρέφετο | ἐτρέφεσθον | ἐτρεφέσθην | ἐτρεφόμεθᾰ | ἐτρέφεσθε | ἐτρέφοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | θρέψω | θρέψεις | θρέψει | θρέψετον | θρέψετον | θρέψομεν | θρέψετε | θρέψουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | θρέψοιμῐ | θρέψοις | θρέψοι | θρέψοιτον | θρεψοίτην | θρέψοιμεν | θρέψοιτε | θρέψοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | θρέψομαι | θρέψῃ, θρέψει |
θρέψεται | θρέψεσθον | θρέψεσθον | θρεψόμεθᾰ | θρέψεσθε | θρέψονται | ||||
| optative | θρεψοίμην | θρέψοιο | θρέψοιτο | θρέψοισθον | θρεψοίσθην | θρεψοίμεθᾰ | θρέψοισθε | θρέψοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | τρᾰφήσομαι | τρᾰφήσῃ, τρᾰφήσει |
τρᾰφήσεται | τρᾰφήσεσθον | τρᾰφήσεσθον | τρᾰφησόμεθᾰ | τρᾰφήσεσθε | τρᾰφήσονται | ||||
| optative | τρᾰφησοίμην | τρᾰφήσοιο | τρᾰφήσοιτο | τρᾰφήσοισθον | τρᾰφησοίσθην | τρᾰφησοίμεθᾰ | τρᾰφήσοισθε | τρᾰφήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | θρέψειν | θρέψεσθαι | τρᾰφήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | θρέψων | θρεψόμενος | τρᾰφησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | θρέψουσᾰ | θρεψομένη | τρᾰφησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | θρέψον | θρεψόμενον | τρᾰφησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | τέτροφᾰ | τέτροφᾰς | τέτροφε(ν) | τετρόφᾰτον | τετρόφᾰτον | τετρόφᾰμεν | τετρόφᾰτε | τετρόφᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | τετρόφω | τετρόφῃς | τετρόφῃ | τετρόφητον | τετρόφητον | τετρόφωμεν | τετρόφητε | τετρόφωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | τετρόφοιμῐ, τετροφοίην |
τετρόφοις, τετροφοίης |
τετρόφοι, τετροφοίη |
τετρόφοιτον | τετροφοίτην | τετρόφοιμεν | τετρόφοιτε | τετρόφοιεν | |||||
| imperative | τέτροφε | τετροφέτω | τετρόφετον | τετροφέτων | τετρόφετε | τετροφόντων | |||||||
| active | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | τετροφέναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | τετροφώς | |||||||||||
| f | τετροφυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | τετροφός | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- ᾰ̓νᾰτρέφω (ănătréphō)
- ᾰ̓ντεκτρέφω (ăntektréphō)
- ᾰ̓ντῐτρέφω (ăntĭtréphō)
- ᾰ̓ποτρέφω (ăpotréphō)
- βουτρόφος (boutróphos)
- δῐᾰτρέφω (dĭătréphō)
- ἐκτρέφω (ektréphō)
- ἐντρέφω (entréphō)
- ἐπᾰνᾰτρέφω (epănătréphō)
- ἐπῐτρέφω (epĭtréphō)
- θρέπτᾰ (thréptă)
- θρέπτειρᾰ (thrépteiră)
- θρεπτήρῐᾰ (threptḗrĭă)
- θρεπτήρῐος (threptḗrĭos)
- θρεπτῐκός (threptĭkós)
- θρεπτός (threptós)
- θρέπτρᾰ (thréptră)
- ῐ̓χθῠοτρόφος (ĭkhthŭotróphos)
- λῐπᾰρότροφος (lĭpărótrophos)
- μετᾰτρέφω (metătréphō)
- ὀλῐγότροφος (olĭgótrophos)
- ὀρεσίτροφος (oresítrophos)
- πᾰρᾰτρέφω (părătréphō)
- περῐτρέφω (perĭtréphō)
- πολῠ́τροφος (polŭ́trophos)
- προσᾰνᾰτρέφω (prosănătréphō)
- προστρέφω (prostréphō)
- προτρέφω (protréphō)
- προῠ̈ποτρέφω (proŭ̈potréphō)
- σῠμπᾰρᾰτρέφω (sŭmpărătréphō)
- σῠνᾰνᾰτρέφω (sŭnănătréphō)
- σῠνδῐᾰτρέφω (sŭndĭătréphō)
- σῠνεκτρέφω (sŭnektréphō)
- σῠντρέφω (sŭntréphō)
- τεθρῐπποτρόφος (tethrĭppotróphos)
- τρόφῐμος (tróphĭmos)
- τρόφος (tróphos)
- ῠ̔ποτρέφω (hŭpotréphō)
- ψῡχοτρόφος (psūkhotróphos)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τρέφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1504ff-1506
Further reading
[edit]- “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “τρέφω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- τρέφω in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- τρέφω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “τρέφω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G5142 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- board idem, page 86.
- breed idem, page 97.
- bring idem, page 99.
- cater idem, page 118.
- cherish idem, page 129.
- cultivate idem, page 188.
- educate idem, page 262.
- entertain idem, page 277.
- fatten idem, page 310.
- feed idem, page 313.
- foster idem, page 340.
- grow idem, page 376.
- harbour idem, page 385.
- keep idem, page 467.
- maintain idem, page 508.
- nourish idem, page 562.
- nurse idem, page 563.
- nurture idem, page 563.
- rear idem, page 676.
- support idem, page 841.
- sustain idem, page 846.
- teach idem, page 859.
- train idem, page 886.
- τρέφω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō), probably from Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]τρέφω • (tréfo) (past έθρεψα, passive τρέφομαι, p‑past τράφηκα, ppp θρεμμένος)
- (transitive) to feed, nourish, maintain
- (intransitive) to heal, be raised
Conjugation
[edit]| Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
| 1 sg | τρέφω (θρέφω →) | θρέψω | τρέφομαι (→ θρέφομαι) | τραφώ (→ θραφώ) |
| 2 sg | τρέφεις | θρέψεις | τρέφεσαι | τραφείς |
| 3 sg | τρέφει | θρέψει | τρέφεται | τραφεί |
| 1 pl | τρέφουμε, [‑ομε] | θρέψουμε, [‑ομε] | τρεφόμαστε | τραφούμε |
| 2 pl | τρέφετε | θρέψετε | τρέφεστε, τρεφόσαστε | τραφείτε |
| 3 pl | τρέφουν(ε) | θρέψουν(ε) | τρέφονται | τραφούν(ε) |
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
| 1 sg | έτρεφα | έθρεψα | τρεφόμουν(α) | τράφηκα (→ θράφηκα) |
| 2 sg | έτρεφες | έθρεψες | τρεφόσουν(α) | τράφηκες |
| 3 sg | έτρεφε | έθρεψε | τρεφόταν(ε) | τράφηκε |
| 1 pl | τρέφαμε | θρέψαμε | τρεφόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | τραφήκαμε |
| 2 pl | τρέφατε | θρέψατε | τρεφόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | τραφήκατε |
| 3 pl | έτρεφαν, τρέφαν(ε) | έθρεψαν, θρέψαν(ε) | τρέφονταν, (τρεφόντουσαν) | τράφηκαν, τραφήκαν(ε) |
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
| 1 sg | θα τρέφω ➤ | θα θρέψω ➤ | θα τρέφομαι ➤ | θα τραφώ ➤ |
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα τρέφεις, … | θα θρέψεις, … | θα τρέφεσαι, … | θα τραφείς, … |
| Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … θρέψει έχω, έχεις, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ |
έχω, έχεις, … τραφεί είμαι, είσαι, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … θρέψει είχα, είχες, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
είχα, είχες, … τραφεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … θρέψει θα έχω, θα έχεις, … θρεμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
θα έχω, θα έχεις, … τραφεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
| 2 sg | τρέφε | θρέψε | — | θρέψου |
| 2 pl | τρέφετε | θρέψτε | τρέφεστε | τραφείτε |
| Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
| Present participle➤ | τρέφοντας ➤ | — | ||
| Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας θρέψει ➤ | θρεμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
| Nonfinite form➤ | θρέψει | τραφεί | ||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Synonyms
[edit]- (feed): ταΐζω (taḯzo)
Related terms
[edit]- θρεπτός (threptós)
- θρέψη f (thrépsi)
- θρέψιμο n (thrépsimo)
- τροφέας m (troféas)
- τροφή f (trofí, “food”)
- -τροφία f (-trofía, “breeding of”)
- τροφικός (trofikós, “of food”)
- τρόφιμο n (trófimo, “food”)
- τρόφιμος m (trófimos, “inmate; boarder”)
- τροφοδοσία f (trofodosía, “supply”)
- τροφοδότης m (trofodótis, “supplier”)
- τροφοδοτώ (trofodotó, “I supply”)
- -τρόφος m or f (-trófos, “breeder of”)
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms borrowed from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek poetic terms
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek transitive verbs
- Greek intransitive verbs
- Greek verb conjugation group 'τρέφω'