سفر

See also: شقر and س ف ر

Arabic

Root
س ف ر (s f r)
7 terms

Etymology 1.1

Compare Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀸 (šapārum, “to send”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa.far/

Noun

سَفَر • (safar) m (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār))

1. departure, journey, travel
2. campaign, military expedition

Declension

Declension of noun سَفَر (safar)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سَفَر safar	السَّفَر as-safar	سَفَر safar
nominative	سَفَرٌ safarun	السَّفَرُ as-safaru	سَفَرُ safaru
accusative	سَفَرًا safaran	السَّفَرَ as-safara	سَفَرَ safara
genitive	سَفَرٍ safarin	السَّفَرِ as-safari	سَفَرِ safari
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سَفَرَيْن safarayn	السَّفَرَيْن as-safarayn	سَفَرَيْ safaray
nominative	سَفَرَانِ safarāni	السَّفَرَانِ as-safarāni	سَفَرَا safarā
accusative	سَفَرَيْنِ safarayni	السَّفَرَيْنِ as-safarayni	سَفَرَيْ safaray
genitive	سَفَرَيْنِ safarayni	السَّفَرَيْنِ as-safarayni	سَفَرَيْ safaray
plural	basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَسْفَار ʔasfār	الْأَسْفَار al-ʔasfār	أَسْفَار ʔasfār
nominative	أَسْفَارٌ ʔasfārun	الْأَسْفَارُ al-ʔasfāru	أَسْفَارُ ʔasfāru
accusative	أَسْفَارًا ʔasfāran	الْأَسْفَارَ al-ʔasfāra	أَسْفَارَ ʔasfāra
genitive	أَسْفَارٍ ʔasfārin	الْأَسْفَارِ al-ʔasfāri	أَسْفَارِ ʔasfāri

Descendants

• Gulf Arabic: سفر (sifar)
• → Armenian: սափար (sapʻar), սաֆար (safar)
• → Azerbaijani: səfər
• → Kazakh: сапар (sapar)
• → Ottoman Turkish: سفر
  • Turkish: sefer
  • → Albanian: sefer
  • → Romanian: sefer
• → Persian: سفر
• → Swahili: safari
  • → Arabic: سَفَارِي (safārī)
  • → Catalan: safari
  • → English: safari
  • → Finnish: safari
  • → French: safari
    • → Romanian: safari
    • →? Turkish: safari
  • → German: Safari
  • → Hungarian: szafari
  • → Italian: safari
  • → Japanese: サファリ
  • → Portuguese: safári
  • → Russian: сафа́ри (safári)
  • → Spanish: safari
  • → Swedish: safari
• → Tamil: ஸபர் (sapar), சபர் (capar), சஃபர் (cafar), ஸஃபர் (safar)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: सफ़र (safar)

  Urdu: سفر

• → Punjabi: ਸਫ਼ਰ (safar)
• → Chagatai:

  Uyghur: سەپەر (seper)

  Uzbek: safar

Etymology 1.2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saf.fa.ra/

Verb

سَفَّرَ • (saffara) II (non-past يُسَفِّرُ (yusaffiru), verbal noun تَسْفِير (tasfīr))

1. to cause to journey, to put on board

Conjugation

Conjugation of سَفَّرَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَسْفِير)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَسْفِير tasfīr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُسَفِّر musaffir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُسَفَّر musaffar
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَفَّرْتُ saffartu	سَفَّرْتَ saffarta	سَفَّرَ saffara		سَفَّرْتُمَا saffartumā	سَفَّرَا saffarā		سَفَّرْنَا saffarnā	سَفَّرْتُمْ saffartum	سَفَّرُوا saffarū
	f		سَفَّرْتِ saffarti	سَفَّرَتْ saffarat			سَفَّرَتَا saffaratā			سَفَّرْتُنَّ saffartunna	سَفَّرْنَ saffarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسَفِّرُ ʔusaffiru	تُسَفِّرُ tusaffiru	يُسَفِّرُ yusaffiru		تُسَفِّرَانِ tusaffirāni	يُسَفِّرَانِ yusaffirāni		نُسَفِّرُ nusaffiru	تُسَفِّرُونَ tusaffirūna	يُسَفِّرُونَ yusaffirūna
	f		تُسَفِّرِينَ tusaffirīna	تُسَفِّرُ tusaffiru			تُسَفِّرَانِ tusaffirāni			تُسَفِّرْنَ tusaffirna	يُسَفِّرْنَ yusaffirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسَفِّرَ ʔusaffira	تُسَفِّرَ tusaffira	يُسَفِّرَ yusaffira		تُسَفِّرَا tusaffirā	يُسَفِّرَا yusaffirā		نُسَفِّرَ nusaffira	تُسَفِّرُوا tusaffirū	يُسَفِّرُوا yusaffirū
	f		تُسَفِّرِي tusaffirī	تُسَفِّرَ tusaffira			تُسَفِّرَا tusaffirā			تُسَفِّرْنَ tusaffirna	يُسَفِّرْنَ yusaffirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسَفِّرْ ʔusaffir	تُسَفِّرْ tusaffir	يُسَفِّرْ yusaffir		تُسَفِّرَا tusaffirā	يُسَفِّرَا yusaffirā		نُسَفِّرْ nusaffir	تُسَفِّرُوا tusaffirū	يُسَفِّرُوا yusaffirū
	f		تُسَفِّرِي tusaffirī	تُسَفِّرْ tusaffir			تُسَفِّرَا tusaffirā			تُسَفِّرْنَ tusaffirna	يُسَفِّرْنَ yusaffirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		سَفِّرْ saffir			سَفِّرَا saffirā				سَفِّرُوا saffirū
	f		سَفِّرِي saffirī							سَفِّرْنَ saffirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُفِّرْتُ suffirtu	سُفِّرْتَ suffirta	سُفِّرَ suffira		سُفِّرْتُمَا suffirtumā	سُفِّرَا suffirā		سُفِّرْنَا suffirnā	سُفِّرْتُمْ suffirtum	سُفِّرُوا suffirū
	f		سُفِّرْتِ suffirti	سُفِّرَتْ suffirat			سُفِّرَتَا suffiratā			سُفِّرْتُنَّ suffirtunna	سُفِّرْنَ suffirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسَفَّرُ ʔusaffaru	تُسَفَّرُ tusaffaru	يُسَفَّرُ yusaffaru		تُسَفَّرَانِ tusaffarāni	يُسَفَّرَانِ yusaffarāni		نُسَفَّرُ nusaffaru	تُسَفَّرُونَ tusaffarūna	يُسَفَّرُونَ yusaffarūna
	f		تُسَفَّرِينَ tusaffarīna	تُسَفَّرُ tusaffaru			تُسَفَّرَانِ tusaffarāni			تُسَفَّرْنَ tusaffarna	يُسَفَّرْنَ yusaffarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسَفَّرَ ʔusaffara	تُسَفَّرَ tusaffara	يُسَفَّرَ yusaffara		تُسَفَّرَا tusaffarā	يُسَفَّرَا yusaffarā		نُسَفَّرَ nusaffara	تُسَفَّرُوا tusaffarū	يُسَفَّرُوا yusaffarū
	f		تُسَفَّرِي tusaffarī	تُسَفَّرَ tusaffara			تُسَفَّرَا tusaffarā			تُسَفَّرْنَ tusaffarna	يُسَفَّرْنَ yusaffarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسَفَّرْ ʔusaffar	تُسَفَّرْ tusaffar	يُسَفَّرْ yusaffar		تُسَفَّرَا tusaffarā	يُسَفَّرَا yusaffarā		نُسَفَّرْ nusaffar	تُسَفَّرُوا tusaffarū	يُسَفَّرُوا yusaffarū
	f		تُسَفَّرِي tusaffarī	تُسَفَّرْ tusaffar			تُسَفَّرَا tusaffarā			تُسَفَّرْنَ tusaffarna	يُسَفَّرْنَ yusaffarna

Etymology 1.3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa.fa.ra/

Verb

سَفَرَ • (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سَفْر (safr)) (archaic)

1. to strip, to remove, to sweep away, to carry off in every direction

Conjugation

Conjugation of سَفَرَ (I, sound, a ~ i, full passive (?), verbal noun سَفْر)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سَفْر safr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَافِر sāfir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسْفُور masfūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَفَرْتُ safartu	سَفَرْتَ safarta	سَفَرَ safara		سَفَرْتُمَا safartumā	سَفَرَا safarā		سَفَرْنَا safarnā	سَفَرْتُمْ safartum	سَفَرُوا safarū
	f		سَفَرْتِ safarti	سَفَرَتْ safarat			سَفَرَتَا safaratā			سَفَرْتُنَّ safartunna	سَفَرْنَ safarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْفِرُ ʔasfiru	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru	يَسْفِرُ yasfiru		تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni	يَسْفِرَانِ yasfirāni		نَسْفِرُ nasfiru	تَسْفِرُونَ tasfirūna	يَسْفِرُونَ yasfirūna
	f		تَسْفِرِينَ tasfirīna	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru			تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْفِرَ ʔasfira	تَسْفِرَ tasfira	يَسْفِرَ yasfira		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرَ nasfira	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرَ tasfira			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْفِرْ ʔasfir	تَسْفِرْ tasfir	يَسْفِرْ yasfir		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرْ nasfir	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرْ tasfir			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِسْفِرْ isfir			اِسْفِرَا isfirā				اِسْفِرُوا isfirū
	f		اِسْفِرِي isfirī							اِسْفِرْنَ isfirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُفِرْتُ sufirtu	سُفِرْتَ sufirta	سُفِرَ sufira		سُفِرْتُمَا sufirtumā	سُفِرَا sufirā		سُفِرْنَا sufirnā	سُفِرْتُمْ sufirtum	سُفِرُوا sufirū
	f		سُفِرْتِ sufirti	سُفِرَتْ sufirat			سُفِرَتَا sufiratā			سُفِرْتُنَّ sufirtunna	سُفِرْنَ sufirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسْفَرُ ʔusfaru	تُسْفَرُ tusfaru	يُسْفَرُ yusfaru		تُسْفَرَانِ tusfarāni	يُسْفَرَانِ yusfarāni		نُسْفَرُ nusfaru	تُسْفَرُونَ tusfarūna	يُسْفَرُونَ yusfarūna
	f		تُسْفَرِينَ tusfarīna	تُسْفَرُ tusfaru			تُسْفَرَانِ tusfarāni			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسْفَرَ ʔusfara	تُسْفَرَ tusfara	يُسْفَرَ yusfara		تُسْفَرَا tusfarā	يُسْفَرَا yusfarā		نُسْفَرَ nusfara	تُسْفَرُوا tusfarū	يُسْفَرُوا yusfarū
	f		تُسْفَرِي tusfarī	تُسْفَرَ tusfara			تُسْفَرَا tusfarā			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسْفَرْ ʔusfar	تُسْفَرْ tusfar	يُسْفَرْ yusfar		تُسْفَرَا tusfarā	يُسْفَرَا yusfarā		نُسْفَرْ nusfar	تُسْفَرُوا tusfarū	يُسْفَرُوا yusfarū
	f		تُسْفَرِي tusfarī	تُسْفَرْ tusfar			تُسْفَرَا tusfarā			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna

Etymology 1.4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /safr/

Noun

سَفْر • (safr) m

1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun سَفْر (safr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سَفْر safr	السَّفْر as-safr	سَفْر safr
nominative	سَفْرٌ safrun	السَّفْرُ as-safru	سَفْرُ safru
accusative	سَفْرًا safran	السَّفْرَ as-safra	سَفْرَ safra
genitive	سَفْرٍ safrin	السَّفْرِ as-safri	سَفْرِ safri

Etymology 2

Verb

سَفَرَ • (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سُفُور (sufūr))

1. (intransitive) to unveil, to put away one's shroud
   • a. 1113, Al-Abīwardīy, وَسِربِ عَذارى مِن رَبيعَةِ عامِرٍ‎^[1]:

     وَقَد سَفَرَتْ عَنْ وَجْهِهَا فَتَمَزَّقَتْ

     waqad safarat ʕan wajhihā fatamazzaqat

     She removed her veil and got torn.

Conjugation

Conjugation of سَفَرَ (I, sound, a ~ i, impersonal passive, verbal noun سُفُور)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سُفُور sufūr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَافِر sāfir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسْفُور masfūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَفَرْتُ safartu	سَفَرْتَ safarta	سَفَرَ safara		سَفَرْتُمَا safartumā	سَفَرَا safarā		سَفَرْنَا safarnā	سَفَرْتُمْ safartum	سَفَرُوا safarū
	f		سَفَرْتِ safarti	سَفَرَتْ safarat			سَفَرَتَا safaratā			سَفَرْتُنَّ safartunna	سَفَرْنَ safarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْفِرُ ʔasfiru	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru	يَسْفِرُ yasfiru		تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni	يَسْفِرَانِ yasfirāni		نَسْفِرُ nasfiru	تَسْفِرُونَ tasfirūna	يَسْفِرُونَ yasfirūna
	f		تَسْفِرِينَ tasfirīna	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru			تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْفِرَ ʔasfira	تَسْفِرَ tasfira	يَسْفِرَ yasfira		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرَ nasfira	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرَ tasfira			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْفِرْ ʔasfir	تَسْفِرْ tasfir	يَسْفِرْ yasfir		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرْ nasfir	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرْ tasfir			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِسْفِرْ isfir			اِسْفِرَا isfirā				اِسْفِرُوا isfirū
	f		اِسْفِرِي isfirī							اِسْفِرْنَ isfirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	سُفِرَ sufira		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُسْفَرُ yusfaru		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُسْفَرَ yusfara		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُسْفَرْ yusfar		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Etymology 3.1

Terminology of the religious sphere, borrowed from Aramaic סִפְרָא (sip̱rā, “writing, book”) / ܣܷܦܪܴܐ (sep̱rā, “writing, book”); compare Biblical Hebrew סֵפֶר (sḗp̄er, “writing, book”). Ultimately from Akkadian 𒅆𒅁𒀸 (šiprum).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sifr/

Noun

سِفْر • (sifr) m (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār) or (rare) سُفُور (sufūr))

1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara, “to copy, to write”) (form I)
2. written book

   Synonym: كِتَاب (kitāb)

   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 62:5:

     مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَارًا

     maṯalu llaḏīna ḥummilū t-tawrāta ṯumma lam yaḥmilūhā kamaṯali l-ḥimāri yaḥmilu ʔasfāran

     The example of those who were entrusted with the Torah and then did not take it on is like that of a donkey who carries volumes of books.

   • 1924, أمين الريحاني [ʔAmīn ar-Rīḥānī], “السيد الإدريسي – (٦) أديان وأشجان”, in ملوك العرب‎^[2], Windsor, United Kingdom: مؤسسة هنداوي [Hindawi Foundation], published 2021, →ISBN, page 185:

     وَجَدْتُهُ صَبَاحَ ٱلْعِيدِ جَالِسًا عَلَى ٱلْعَرْشِ مُعْتَمَّا بِعِمَامَةٍ هِنْدِيَّةٍ وَافِرَةٍ، طَوِيلَةِ ٱلذُّؤَابَةِ، بَاهِرَةِ ٱلْأَلْوَانِ، وَبِيَدِهِ سِفْرٌ إِنْكِلِيزِيٌّ فِي ٱلْفُطْرِيَّاتِ كَانَ يُتَرْجِمُهُ إِلَى ٱللُّغَةِ ٱلْهِنْدِسْتَانِيَّةِ.

     wajadtuhu ṣabāḥa l-ʕīdi jālisan ʕalā l-ʕarši muʕtammā biʕimāmatin hindiyyatin wāfiratin, ṭawīlati ḏ-ḏuʔābati, bāhirati l-ʔalwāni, wabiyadihi sifrun ʔinkilīziyyun fī l-fuṭriyyāti kāna yutarjimuhu ʔilā l-luḡati l-hindistāniyyati.

     On the feast in the morning I found him sitting on a throne in an opulent Indian turban, long in lappets, brilliant in colours, and in his hand an English book about the natural sciences he translated into Hindustani.

3. (Christianity, Judaism) a book of the Bible

   سِفْرُ ٱلْمُلُوكِ ٱلْأَوَّلُ ― sifru l-mulūki l-ʔawwalu ― the First Book of Kings

4. (archaic) trace, mark, writing

Declension

Declension of noun سِفْر (sifr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سِفْر sifr	السِّفْر as-sifr	سِفْر sifr
nominative	سِفْرٌ sifrun	السِّفْرُ as-sifru	سِفْرُ sifru
accusative	سِفْرًا sifran	السِّفْرَ as-sifra	سِفْرَ sifra
genitive	سِفْرٍ sifrin	السِّفْرِ as-sifri	سِفْرِ sifri
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سِفْرَيْن sifrayn	السِّفْرَيْن as-sifrayn	سِفْرَيْ sifray
nominative	سِفْرَانِ sifrāni	السِّفْرَانِ as-sifrāni	سِفْرَا sifrā
accusative	سِفْرَيْنِ sifrayni	السِّفْرَيْنِ as-sifrayni	سِفْرَيْ sifray
genitive	سِفْرَيْنِ sifrayni	السِّفْرَيْنِ as-sifrayni	سِفْرَيْ sifray
plural	basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَسْفَار‎; سُفُور ʔasfār‎; sufūr	الْأَسْفَار‎; السُّفُور al-ʔasfār‎; as-sufūr	أَسْفَار‎; سُفُور ʔasfār‎; sufūr
nominative	أَسْفَارٌ‎; سُفُورٌ ʔasfārun‎; sufūrun	الْأَسْفَارُ‎; السُّفُورُ al-ʔasfāru‎; as-sufūru	أَسْفَارُ‎; سُفُورُ ʔasfāru‎; sufūru
accusative	أَسْفَارًا‎; سُفُورًا ʔasfāran‎; sufūran	الْأَسْفَارَ‎; السُّفُورَ al-ʔasfāra‎; as-sufūra	أَسْفَارَ‎; سُفُورَ ʔasfāra‎; sufūra
genitive	أَسْفَارٍ‎; سُفُورٍ ʔasfārin‎; sufūrin	الْأَسْفَارِ‎; السُّفُورِ al-ʔasfāri‎; as-sufūri	أَسْفَارِ‎; سُفُورِ ʔasfāri‎; sufūri

Etymology 3.2

Verb

سَفَرَ • (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سِفْر (sifr))

1. (archaic) to copy, to scribe, to write

   Synonym: كَتَبَ (kataba)

Conjugation

Conjugation of سَفَرَ (I, sound, a ~ i, full passive (?), verbal noun سِفْر)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سِفْر sifr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَافِر sāfir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسْفُور masfūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَفَرْتُ safartu	سَفَرْتَ safarta	سَفَرَ safara		سَفَرْتُمَا safartumā	سَفَرَا safarā		سَفَرْنَا safarnā	سَفَرْتُمْ safartum	سَفَرُوا safarū
	f		سَفَرْتِ safarti	سَفَرَتْ safarat			سَفَرَتَا safaratā			سَفَرْتُنَّ safartunna	سَفَرْنَ safarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْفِرُ ʔasfiru	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru	يَسْفِرُ yasfiru		تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni	يَسْفِرَانِ yasfirāni		نَسْفِرُ nasfiru	تَسْفِرُونَ tasfirūna	يَسْفِرُونَ yasfirūna
	f		تَسْفِرِينَ tasfirīna	تَسْفِرُ tasfiru			تَسْفِرَانِ tasfirāni			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْفِرَ ʔasfira	تَسْفِرَ tasfira	يَسْفِرَ yasfira		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرَ nasfira	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرَ tasfira			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْفِرْ ʔasfir	تَسْفِرْ tasfir	يَسْفِرْ yasfir		تَسْفِرَا tasfirā	يَسْفِرَا yasfirā		نَسْفِرْ nasfir	تَسْفِرُوا tasfirū	يَسْفِرُوا yasfirū
	f		تَسْفِرِي tasfirī	تَسْفِرْ tasfir			تَسْفِرَا tasfirā			تَسْفِرْنَ tasfirna	يَسْفِرْنَ yasfirna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِسْفِرْ isfir			اِسْفِرَا isfirā				اِسْفِرُوا isfirū
	f		اِسْفِرِي isfirī							اِسْفِرْنَ isfirna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُفِرْتُ sufirtu	سُفِرْتَ sufirta	سُفِرَ sufira		سُفِرْتُمَا sufirtumā	سُفِرَا sufirā		سُفِرْنَا sufirnā	سُفِرْتُمْ sufirtum	سُفِرُوا sufirū
	f		سُفِرْتِ sufirti	سُفِرَتْ sufirat			سُفِرَتَا sufiratā			سُفِرْتُنَّ sufirtunna	سُفِرْنَ sufirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسْفَرُ ʔusfaru	تُسْفَرُ tusfaru	يُسْفَرُ yusfaru		تُسْفَرَانِ tusfarāni	يُسْفَرَانِ yusfarāni		نُسْفَرُ nusfaru	تُسْفَرُونَ tusfarūna	يُسْفَرُونَ yusfarūna
	f		تُسْفَرِينَ tusfarīna	تُسْفَرُ tusfaru			تُسْفَرَانِ tusfarāni			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسْفَرَ ʔusfara	تُسْفَرَ tusfara	يُسْفَرَ yusfara		تُسْفَرَا tusfarā	يُسْفَرَا yusfarā		نُسْفَرَ nusfara	تُسْفَرُوا tusfarū	يُسْفَرُوا yusfarū
	f		تُسْفَرِي tusfarī	تُسْفَرَ tusfara			تُسْفَرَا tusfarā			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسْفَرْ ʔusfar	تُسْفَرْ tusfar	يُسْفَرْ yusfar		تُسْفَرَا tusfarā	يُسْفَرَا yusfarā		نُسْفَرْ nusfar	تُسْفَرُوا tusfarū	يُسْفَرُوا yusfarū
	f		تُسْفَرِي tusfarī	تُسْفَرْ tusfar			تُسْفَرَا tusfarā			تُسْفَرْنَ tusfarna	يُسْفَرْنَ yusfarna

Related terms

• سَافِر (sāfir)

Etymology 3.3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /safr/

Noun

سَفْر • (safr) m

1. mark, trace, vestige

Declension

Declension of noun سَفْر (safr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	سَفْر safr	السَّفْر as-safr	سَفْر safr
nominative	سَفْرٌ safrun	السَّفْرُ as-safru	سَفْرُ safru
accusative	سَفْرًا safran	السَّفْرَ as-safra	سَفْرَ safra
genitive	سَفْرٍ safrin	السَّفْرِ as-safri	سَفْرِ safri

References

• Freytag, Georg (1833), “سفر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[3] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 321
• Jeffery, Arthur (1938), “سِفْر”, in The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 170–171
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860), “سفر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[4] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 1097
• Lane, Edward William (1863-1893), “سفر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1370.
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “سفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[5], London: W.H. Allen, page 496
• Wehr, Hans (1979), “سفر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 481

Central Kurdish

Central Kurdish cardinal numbers

	۰	۱  >
Cardinal : سفر (sifr)

Etymology

From Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

Numeral

سفر (sifir)

1. zero; 0

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic سَفَر (safar, “journey, travel; campaign”).

Noun

سفر • (sefer) (definite accusative سفری (seferi), plural اسفار (esfâr))

1. travel, journey, voyage, trip, the movement of people between distant geographical locations

   Synonyms: سیاحت (seyâhat), یولجیلق (yolculuk)

2. (military) expedition, a military journey, an enterprise against some enemy or into enemy territory

   Synonym: سوقیات (sevkiyât)

3. (military) campaign, significant military strategy plans incorporating a series of related operations

   Synonym: حرب (harb)

4. time, occasion, instance, occurrence, one of a series of recurring cases, essentially the same

Derived terms

• دكز سفری (deñiz seferi, “sea campaign”)
• سفر آچمق (sefer açmak, “to open hostilities”)
• سفر ایتمك (sefer etmek, “to go on a journey”)
• سفر طاسی (sefer tası, “tuckerbag”)
• سفر ویرمك (sefer vermek, “to wage war”)
• سفربر (seferber, “mobilized for war”)
• سفرلك (seferlik, “state of travel”)
• سفرلمك (seferlemek, “to wage war”)
• سفرلو (seferli, “that is on a campaign or journey”)
• سفره كتمك (sefere gitmek, “to go on a campaign”)
• سفری (seferî, “concerning a journey or a campaign”)
• سیر و سفر (seyr ü sefer, “traffic”)
• قاره سفری (kara seferi, “land campaign”)

Descendants

• Turkish: sefer
• → Albanian: sefer
• → Romanian: sefer

Further reading

click to expand

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886), “سفر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 84
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “sefer”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4117
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962), “sefer”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[6] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1114
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “سفر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[7] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 681
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Itineratio”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[8], Vienna, column 880
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “سفر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[9], Vienna, column 2625
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “sefer”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “سفر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[10], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1061

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic سِفْر (sifr, “written book”), from Aramaic סִפְרָא (sip̱rā, “writing, book”).

Noun

سفر • (sifr) (definite accusative سفری (sifri), plural اسفار (esfâr))

1. book, a collection of sheets of paper bound together to hinge at one edge, containing printed or written material, pictures, etc.

   Synonym: كتاب (kitâb)

2. (Judaism) Pentateuch, Torah, Books of Moses, the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures, traditionally attributed to Moses

Descendants

• Turkish: sifr

Further reading

click to expand

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “sifr”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4230
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962), “sifr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[11] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1140
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “سفر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[12] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 681
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Liber”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[13], Vienna, column 941
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “سفر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[14], Vienna, column 2626
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “سفر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[15], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1061

Persian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /sa.ˈfar/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sä.fáɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sä.fáɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [sä.fáɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sä.fáɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [sæ.fǽɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sä.fáɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	safar
Dari reading?	safar
Iranian reading?	safar
Tajik reading?	safar

• Homophone: صفر (safar)

Noun

Dari	سفر
Iranian Persian
Tajik	сафар

سفر • (safar) (Tajik spelling сафар)

1. travel

   من سفر هوائی را دوست ندارم.

   man safar havâ'i-râ dust nadâram.

   I don't like travelling by air.

2. trip
3. voyage
4. journey
5. expedition

Related terms

• سفری (safari)
• سفر کردن (safar kardan)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic سِفْر (sifr).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈsifr/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɪfɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɪfɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [sɪfɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sifɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [sefɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sifɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	sifr
Dari reading?	sifr
Iranian reading?	sefr
Tajik reading?	sifr

• Homophone: صفر (sefr)

Noun

سفر • (sifr / sefr) (Tajik spelling сифр)

1. book

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology

De-emphaticization in urban Palestinian accents.

Numeral

سفر • (sifr)

1. alternative form of صفر (ṣifr): zero

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سفر (safar), from Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /sə.fəɾ/
• Rhymes: -əɾ
• Hyphenation: سَ‧فَر

Noun

سَفَر • (safar) m (Hindi spelling सफ़र)

1. travel, trip, journey, voyage

Declension

Declension of سفر

	singular	plural
direct	سَفَر (safar)	سَفَر (safar)
oblique	سَفَر (safar)	سَفَروں (safarõ)
vocative	سَفَر (safar)	سَفَرو (safaro)

See also

Urdu terms derived from the Arabic root س ف ر (0 c, 3 e)

• مُسَافِر (musāfir)
• ہَمْسَفَر (hamsafar)

Further reading

• “سفر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “سفر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “سفر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.

Ushojo

Etymology

From Urdu سفر (safar).

Noun

سفر (safar)

1. travel, voyage
2. trip, journey
3. expedition