あばく
Japanese
Etymology 1
Recorded since at least the early 1100s CE.[1] Likely cognate with adjective 荒ら (abara, “with large gaps, wide open; wild, ruined”), verb 暴れる (abareru, “to be disorderly, to be wild, to be violent”). Possibly also cognate with adjective 淡い (awai, “faint, slight (as of a color or emotion); inconsistent, disjointed, flippant, frivolous (as of thought or behavior)”).
Pronunciation
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Verb
あばく • (abaku) transitive godan (stem あばき (abaki), past あばいた (abaita))
- 暴く, 発く: to dig something up or out, to excavate or exhume something
- Synonym: 発掘する (hakkutsu suru)
- 暴く, 発く: to open something previously closed, to unrestrict something, to cut something loose or free
- 暴く, 発く: to disclose (a secret), to expose (a crime), to lay bare, to divulge
- Tanaka Corpus
- 彼らの秘密が全部暴かれた。
- Karera no himitsu ga zenbu abakareta.
- All their secrets have been revealed.
- 彼らの秘密が全部暴かれた。
- Tanaka Corpus
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | あばか | abaka | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | あばき | abaki | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | あばく | abaku | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | あばく | abaku | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | あばけ | abake | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | あばけ | abake | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | あばかれる | abakareru | |
Causative | あばかせる あばかす |
abakaseru abakasu | |
Potential | あばける | abakeru | |
Volitional | あばこう | abakō | |
Negative | あばかない | abakanai | |
Negative continuative | あばかず | abakazu | |
Formal | あばきます | abakimasu | |
Perfective | あばいた | abaita | |
Conjunctive | あばいて | abaite | |
Hypothetical conditional | あばけば | abakeba |
Related terms
- あばら (abara) (荒ら, 疎ら, 荒, 疎): loosely spaced, sparse, with large gaps; wide open; wild, ruined
- あばれる (abareru) (暴れる): to be violent, to be wild
Etymology 2
Unclear. May derive from the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) form of abaku above, possibly as a sense development. Compare the English expressions cut loose, let loose → let go in the sense of let oneself go → become unkempt, to go to ruin.
Pronunciation
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- Pitch accent uncertain.
Verb
あばく • (abaku) intransitive †nidan
- 褫く: (obsolete) to become sparse, to grow wild, to fall apart, to fall into ruin
- 褫く: (obsolete) to be careless
- Synonym: 油断する (yudan suru)
Usage notes
Superseded in modern Japanese by the form あばける (abakeru), as the expected regular development of the earlier 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) form. The sense also appears to have shifted somewhat, with a modern emphasis on to be careless; to mess around in Gunma prefecture, and to be wild, to be unrestrained in Yamanashi prefecture.
Usage might be restricted to regional dialects. This term does not appear in various dictionaries that focus on standard Japanese.[1][2][3][4]
Derived terms
- あばけ者 (abakemono): a rash or careless person; a waggish or jocular person, someone who enjoys messing around
Further reading
- A list of terms in the dialect of Agatsuma County, Gunma prefecture: http://www.kirara.ne.jp/kaiwa/a-o.html
- A list of terms in the 甲州 (Kōshū) regional dialect of Yamanashi prefecture: https://web.archive.org/web/20181105162856/http://www.geocities.co.jp/gakubow_1/jitenac.html
- The entries for both dialects, as listed at Weblio: https://www.weblio.jp/content/あばける
Etymology 3
Unknown. Listed in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.[1][5]
May be related to the above forms of abaku from the general sense of unrestrainedness.
Pronunciation
- Pitch accent uncertain.
Verb
あばく • (abaku) intransitive †yodan
- (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the negative) to fit into a space
- (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the positive) to overflow, to overabound, to be too much
Usage notes
Seems to have fallen out of use; not included in many dictionaries.[2][3][4] No kanji spelling is used in available historical materials.[1]
The two senses provided by the Nippo Jisho have almost opposite meanings, which may suggest a mistake.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan][1] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here, the third entry under the highlighted heading, listed as “Abaqi”
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