あばく

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Recorded since at least the early 1100s CE.[1] Likely cognate with adjective 荒ら (abara, “with large gaps, wide open; wild, ruined”), verb 暴れる (abareru, “to be disorderly, to be wild, to be violent”). Possibly also cognate with adjective 淡い (awai, “faint, slight (as of a color or emotion); inconsistent, disjointed, flippant, frivolous (as of thought or behavior)”).

Pronunciation

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Verb

あばく • (abaku) transitive godan (stem あばき (abaki), past あばいた (abaita))

  1. 暴く, 発く: to dig something up or out, to excavate or exhume something
    Synonym: 発掘する (hakkutsu suru)
  2. 暴く, 発く: to open something previously closed, to unrestrict something, to cut something loose or free
  3. 暴く, 発く: to disclose (a secret), to expose (a crime), to lay bare, to divulge
    • Tanaka Corpus
      彼(かれ)らの秘密(ひみつ)が全部(ぜんぶ)暴(あば)かれた。
      Karera no himitsu ga zenbu abakareta.
      All their secrets have been revealed.
    Synonyms: (more colloquial) ばらす (barasu), (more formal) 暴露する (bakuro suru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "あばく" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") あばか abaka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") あばき abaki
Shūshikei ("terminal") あばく abaku
Rentaikei ("attributive") あばく abaku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") あばけ abake
Meireikei ("imperative") あばけ abake
Key constructions
Passive あばかれる abakareru
Causative あばかせる
あばかす 		abakaseru
abakasu
Potential あばける abakeru
Volitional あばこう abakō
Negative あばかない abakanai
Negative continuative あばかず abakazu
Formal あばきます abakimasu
Perfective あばいた abaita
Conjunctive あばいて abaite
Hypothetical conditional あばけば abakeba

Etymology 2

Unclear. May derive from the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) form of abaku above, possibly as a sense development. Compare the English expressions cut loose, let loose → let go in the sense of let oneself go → become unkempt, to go to ruin.

Pronunciation

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  • Pitch accent uncertain.

Verb

あばく • (abaku) intransitive †nidan

  1. 褫く: (obsolete) to become sparse, to grow wild, to fall apart, to fall into ruin
    Synonyms: 剥げる (hageru), 崩れ落ちる (kuzureochiru), 崩壊する (hōkai suru)
  2. 褫く: (obsolete) to be careless
    Synonym: 油断する (yudan suru)
Usage notes

Superseded in modern Japanese by the form あばける (abakeru), as the expected regular development of the earlier 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) form. The sense also appears to have shifted somewhat, with a modern emphasis on to be careless; to mess around in Gunma prefecture, and to be wild, to be unrestrained in Yamanashi prefecture.

Usage might be restricted to regional dialects. This term does not appear in various dictionaries that focus on standard Japanese.[1][2][3][4]

Derived terms

Further reading

Etymology 3

Unknown. Listed in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.[1][5]

May be related to the above forms of abaku from the general sense of unrestrainedness.

Pronunciation

  • Pitch accent uncertain.

Verb

あばく • (abaku) intransitive †yodan

  1. (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the negative) to fit into a space
    Cono ninjuga cono zaxiqini abacanu.
    Esta gente não cabe neste Zaxiqi.[5]
    This many people won't fit in these seats.
    Synonym: 収まる (osamaru)
  2. (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the positive) to overflow, to overabound, to be too much
    Synonyms: 溢れる (afureru), 余る (amaru)

Usage notes

Seems to have fallen out of use; not included in many dictionaries.[2][3][4] No kanji spelling is used in available historical materials.[1]

The two senses provided by the Nippo Jisho have almost opposite meanings, which may suggest a mistake.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DJR
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SMK5
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎[1] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here, the third entry under the highlighted heading, listed as “Abaqi”
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