仁

See also: 忈

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

仁 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人一一 (OMM), four-corner 2121₀, composition ⿰亻二)

Derived characters

• 𣲚, 𣏴, 𭸹, 𥄰, 𫴮, 𠣒, 芢, 𬿎, 𦓍, 𡛉, 佞

Descendants

• に (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
• ニ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 349
• Dae Jaweon: page 193, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 107, character 1
• Unihan data for U+4EC1

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		仁
alternative forms		𡰥 忎 忈

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 仁
Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions b12242 Small seal script s05656 Transcribed ancient scripts L31211 L31212 L31213 L31214 L31215 L31216 L31217 L31218 L04651 L04652 L04653 L04654 L04655
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
千	*sn̥ʰiːn
仟	*sn̥ʰiːn
芊	*sn̥ʰiːn, *sn̥ʰiːns
阡	*sn̥ʰiːn
汘	*sn̥ʰiːn
迁	*sn̥ʰiːn
杄	*sn̥ʰiːn
人	*njin
仁	*njin
朲	*njin
佞	*neːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njin) : phonetic 人 (OC *njin) + semantic 二

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Tangkhul Naga ning (“mind”), Manipuri [script needed] (puk ning, “heart; mind”), Kinnauri [script needed] (stiŋ, “heart”), Garo taning (“brain”), Achang nhaiqlom (“heart”), Bisu [script needed] (nɯŋ ba, “heart”). Possibly related to Tibetan ཉིང (nying, “pith, essence”) (Schuessler, 2007).

For a parallel semantic development, compare Tibetan སྙིང་རྗེ (snying rje, “compassion; kindness; mercy”), from Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart; mind”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rén (ren²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jan⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lîn / jîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ring⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rén
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rén
    • Wade–Giles: jên²
    • Yale: rén
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ren
    • Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jan⁴
    • Yale: yàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn
    • Tâi-lô: lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liin
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /lin²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn
    • Tâi-lô: jîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiin
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ring⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: nyin

Rime
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如鄰切
Baxter	nyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*niŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›
Old Chinese	/*niŋ/
English	kind
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
No.	10801
Phonetic component	人
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	仁
Old Chinese	/*njin/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 仁

1. compassionate
2. humaneness; benevolence; kindness
3. kernel

   白芝麻仁  ―  báizhīmárén  ―  white sesame seeds

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Japanese

Kanji

仁

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. benevolence

Readings

• Go-on: に (ni, Jōyō ^†); にん (nin)
• Kan-on: じん (jin, Jōyō)
• Nanori: きみ (kimi); く (ku); さと (sato); しのぶ (shinobu); じ (ji); と (to); のり (nori); ひと (hito); ひとし (hitoshi); ひろ (hiro); ひろし (hiroshi); まこと (makoto); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi); やす (yasu); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

Compounds

• 仁王(におう) (niō): the two guardian Deva kings
• 仁義(じんぎ) (jingi): humanity and justice
• 仁愛(じんあい) (jin'ai): benevolence, charity
• 仁術(じんじゅつ) (jinjutsu): benevolence act
• 仁義礼智信(じんぎれいちしん) (jingireichishin): the 5 Confucian virtues
• 仁徳(じんとく) (jintoku): benevolence, goodness

Proper noun

仁(ひとし) or 仁(proper) or 仁(じん) or 仁(まさし) • (hitoshi or proper or jin or masashi) [[Category:Japanese
|ひとし]]

1. a male given name

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Korean

Hanja

仁 (eum 인 (in))

1. benevolence

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Vietnamese

Han character

仁: Hán Nôm readings: nhân, nhơn

1. benevolence

References

• Nom Foundation