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掛ける

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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See also 掛かる

Etymology

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Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
懸ける

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the (しも)()(だん)(かつ)(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, lower bigrade conjugation) pattern.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 掛ける
Plain 掛ける [kàkéꜜrù]
Conjunctive 掛けて けて [káꜜkètè]
Perfective 掛けた けた [káꜜkètà]
Negative 掛けない ない [kàkéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 掛けなかった なかった [kàkéꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 掛ければ れば [kàkéꜜrèbà]
Past conditional 掛けたら けたら [káꜜkètàrà]
Imperative 掛けろ
掛けよ

[kàkéꜜrò]
[kàkéꜜyò]
Volitional 掛けよう けよ [kàkéyóꜜò]
Desiderative 掛けたい けた [kàkétáꜜì]
Formal 掛けます けま [kàkémáꜜsù]
Formal negative 掛けません けませ [kàkémáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 掛けましょう けましょ [kàkémáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 掛けました けました [kàkémáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 掛け
掛けに

けに
[káꜜkè]
[káꜜkè nì]
Negative continuative 掛けず
掛けずに

ずに
[kàkéꜜzù]
[kàkéꜜzù nì]
Passive 掛けられる けられ [kàkéráréꜜrù]
Causative 掛けさせる
掛けさす
けさせ
けさ
[kàkésáséꜜrù]
[kàkésáꜜsù]
Potential 掛けられる
掛けれる
けられ
けれ
[kàkéráréꜜrù]
[kàkéréꜜrù]

Verb

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()ける (kakeruichidan (stem () (kake), past ()けた (kaketa))

Japanese verb pair
active 掛ける
mediopassive 掛かる
  1. (transitive) to hang (a picture, etc.), to hoist, to raise (a flag), to fly (a kite)
    • 1907, 夏目漱石, 野分:
      先生(せんせい)はただ気品(きひん)のない()()けたものだと(おも)ったばかりである。
      Sensei wa tada kihin no nai ga o kaketa mono da to omotta bakari de aru.
      I always thought it was just some tasteless picture that the teacher had hung up.
  2. (transitive) to multiply
    ()(さん)()ける(ろく)になる。
    Ni ni san o kakeru to roku ni naru.
    Multiply 2 by 3 and you get 6.
  3. to sit (on a chair or bench, but not on the floor)
    かけください
    o-kake kudasai
    please have a seat
    • 1937, 久生十蘭, 魔都:
      真名古(まなこ)(しず)かに椅子(いす)()けて(はやし)(かお)注視(ちゅうし)する。
      Manako wa shizuka ni isu ni kakete Hayashi no kao o chūshi suru.
      Manako sits in the chair quietly and examines Hayashi's face.
  4. to speak, to give (an order etc.), to call out, to call on the telephone
    • 1925, 国枝史郎, 郷介法師:
      その法師(ほうし)(こえ)()けた
      Sono hōshi wa koe o kaketa.
      The priest called out.
    • 1931, 永井荷風, つゆのあとさき:
      ちょっと電話(でんわ)()けてくれ。
      Chotto denwa o kakete kure.
      Give me a call.
  5. to pour onto, to shake onto, to splash, to drip
    • 1946, 織田作之助, 土曜夫人:
      ペッペッと、(みぎ)()(つば)()けて、げっぷをしていた。
      Peppetto, migi no te ni tsuba o kakete, geppu o shite ita.
      There he was, burping, with drool dripping onto his right hand.
  6. to wear a piece of clothing
    • 1908, 伊藤左千夫, 隣の嫁:
      省作(しょうさく)はそれにはかまわず、()()着物(きもの)()()けている。
      Shōsaku wa sore ni wa kamawazu, yu o dete kimono o kikakete iru.
      Shōsaku came out of the bath and wore his kimono without worrying about that.
  7. to pun (謎掛け)
    ○○とかけて××と()く。
    ○○ To kakete ×× to toku.
    (please add an English translation of this example)

Suffix

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()ける (-kakeru

  1. to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)
    老人(ろうじん)(わたし)突然(とつぜんはな)かけた
    Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.
    An old man spoke to me suddenly.
  2. to be about to, to begin, to start doing
    ()かけてやめる
    iikakete yameru
    about to speak something but didn't
  3. in the middle of, to begin (and not yet complete)
    長編(ちょうへん)()かける
    chōhen o yomikakeru
    in the middle of reading a long novel

Usage notes

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This term is often spelled in kana. As a suffix, attach after the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) or the -masu form of the verb.

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "掛ける" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 掛け かけ kake
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 掛け かけ kake
Shūshikei ("terminal") 掛ける かける kakeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 掛ける かける kakeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 掛けれ かけれ kakere
Meireikei ("imperative") 掛けよ¹
掛けろ²
かけよ¹
かけろ²
kakeyo¹
kakero²
Key constructions
Passive 掛けられる かけられる kakerareru
Causative 掛けさせる
掛けさす
かけさせる
かけさす
kakesaseru
kakesasu
Potential 掛けられる
掛けれる³
かけられる
かけれる³
kakerareru
kakereru³
Volitional 掛けよう かけよう kakeyō
Negative 掛けない
掛けぬ
掛けん
かけない
かけぬ
かけん
kakenai
kakenu
kaken
Negative continuative 掛けず かけず kakezu
Formal 掛けます かけます kakemasu
Perfective 掛けた かけた kaketa
Conjunctive 掛けて かけて kakete
Hypothetical conditional 掛ければ かければ kakereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

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  • (sit): (すわ) (suwaru) (to sit in general, including on the floor)

Derived terms

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See also

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Conjunction

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()ける (kakeru

  1. (mathematics) times (multiplication)
    ()()ける(さん)(ろく)
    Ni kakeru san wa roku.
    2 times 3 is 6.

Coordinate terms

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References

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  1. ^ 掛・懸・賭・架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, Nationwide Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN