確か
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Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 確 |
| たし Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 慥か (uncommon) |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]
Derived from the tashi- element seen in たしに (tashi ni, “sufficiently; firmly; surely”) and たしない (tashinai, “difficult, agonizing; poor, lacking”) + adjective-forming suffix か (-ka).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]確か • (tashika) -na (adnominal 確かな (tashika na), adverbial 確かに (tashika ni))
- [from 720] certain, clear, without a doubt
- [from 759] secure, reliable, able to be trusted completely
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of 確か
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 確かだろ | たしかだろ | tashika daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 確かで | たしかで | tashika de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 確かだ | たしかだ | tashika da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 確かな | たしかな | tashika na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 確かなら | たしかなら | tashika nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 確かであれ | たしかであれ | tashika de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 確かではない 確かじゃない |
たしかではない たしかじゃない |
tashika de wa nai tashika ja nai |
| Informal past | 確かだった | たしかだった | tashika datta |
| Informal negative past | 確かではなかった 確かじゃなかった |
たしかではなかった たしかじゃなかった |
tashika de wa nakatta tashika ja nakatta |
| Formal | 確かです | たしかです | tashika desu |
| Formal negative | 確かではありません 確かじゃありません |
たしかではありません たしかじゃありません |
tashika de wa arimasen tashika ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 確かでした | たしかでした | tashika deshita |
| Formal negative past | 確かではありませんでした 確かじゃありませんでした |
たしかではありませんでした たしかじゃありませんでした |
tashika de wa arimasen deshita tashika ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 確かで | たしかで | tashika de |
| Conditional | 確かなら（ば） | たしかなら（ば） | tashika nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 確かだったら | たしかだったら | tashika dattara |
| Volitional | 確かだろう | たしかだろう | tashika darō |
| Adverbial | 確かに | たしかに | tashika ni |
| Degree | 確かさ | たしかさ | tashikasa |
Synonyms
[edit]Adverb
[edit]- if I remember correctly, in my memory, probably but not totally sure
- 確か、ここに来たことがある。
- Tashika, koko ni kita koto ga aru.
- I'm pretty sure that I've come here before.
- 確か、ここに来たことがある。
Usage notes
[edit]Adverbial use without the particle に (ni) is colloquial. The meaning for this usage implies a degree of doubt, and is different from the certainly, surely sense of 確かに (tashika ni) that has no such implication.
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “確か・慥か”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 確 read as たし
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese terms with usage examples