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確

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 确
確 U+78BA, 確
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78BA
← 碹
[U+78B9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 碻 →
[U+78BB]

Translingual

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Han character

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確 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+10, 15 strokes, Cangjie input 一口人月土 (MROBG), four-corner 14614, composition ⿰石隺)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 833, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24366
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1250, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2450, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+78BA

Chinese

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trad. 確
simp. 确*
alternative forms 确
碻
礭

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鶴 *ɡloːwɢ
髉 *pqroːwɢ
篧 *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
榷 *kroːwɢ
搉 *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕 *kroːwɢ
確 *kʰroːwɢ
寉 *ɡluːwɢ
蒮 *luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰroːwɢ): semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 隺 – rock-solid, as certain as a rock.

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 確
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰye⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰyə²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰyə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰyo²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰyo⁵³/
Xining /t͡ɕʰyu⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰye¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰyə¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰyɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰio²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰyo³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰio²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰio³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰyɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰyaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
/t͡ɕʰyɪʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoʔ⁵/
/t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kʰo²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kʰɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kʰo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kʰo²⁴/
Xiangtan /kʰo²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kʰɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kʰok̚¹/
Taoyuan /kʰok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰɔk̚³/
Nanning /kʰɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /kʰɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰak̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 確
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 覺 (10)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 苦角切
Baxter khaewk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰˠʌk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰᵚɔk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰɔk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰaɨwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kʰɔk̚/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɔk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰɔk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		que
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hok3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 確
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		què
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khæwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ʰˁrawk/
English solid, firm

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 確
Reading # 1/1
No. 5100
Phonetic
component 		寉
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		㱿
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰroːwɢ/

Definitions

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確

  1. real; true
    消息不確／消息不确  ―  xiāoxī bù què  ―  the information is not true
    準確／准确  ―  zhǔnquè  ―  accurate; precise
  2. firm; resolute
    確信／确信  ―  quèxìn  ―  to firmly believe
  3. truly; indeed
  4. alternative form of 确 (què, “rocky and barren”)
  5. alternative form of 搉 (què, “to knock; to hit; to beat”)

Compounds

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Japanese

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See also: ⿰石K

Kanji

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確

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. certain

Readings

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  • Go-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: たしか (tashika, 確か, Jōyō)、たしかめる (tashikameru, 確かめる, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Adjective

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確(かく) • (kaku) †-tari (adnominal 確(かく)とした (kaku to shita) or 確(かく)たる (kaku taru), adverbial 確(かく)と (kaku to) or 確(かく)として (kaku to shite))

  1. (literary) certain; definite

Inflection

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Classical conjugation of "確たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 確たら かくたら kakutara
Continuative (連用形) 確と[1]
確たり[2]		 かくと
かくたり		 kakuto
kakutari
Terminal (終止形) 確たり かくたり kakutari
Attributive (連体形) 確たる かくたる kakutaru
Realis (已然形) 確たれ かくたれ kakutare
Imperative (命令形) 確たれ かくたれ kakutare
Key constructions
Negative 確たらず かくたらず kakutarazu
Contrasting conjunction 確たれど かくたれど kakutaredo
Causal conjunction 確たれば かくたれば kakutareba
Conditional conjunction 確たらば かくたらば kakutaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 確たりき かくたりき kakutariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 確たりけり かくたりけり kakutarikeri
Adverbial 確と かくと kakuto

[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

Korean

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Hanja

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確 • (hwak) (hangeul 확, revised hwak, McCune–Reischauer hwak, Yale hwak)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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確: Hán Nôm readings: xác, xạc

Adjective

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確 • (xác)

  1. chữ Hán form of xác (“durable; strong; solid; firm”)
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