鶴

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鶴 U+9DB4, 鶴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4
← 鶳
[U+9DB3]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 鶵 →
[U+9DB5]
See also: 鹤

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鶴 (radical 196 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 47227, composition ⿰隺鳥)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1496, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4654, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+9DB4

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鶴
simp. 鹤

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鶴 *ɡloːwɢ
髉 *pqroːwɢ
篧 *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
榷 *kroːwɢ
搉 *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕 *kroːwɢ
確 *kʰroːwɢ
寉 *ɡluːwɢ
蒮 *luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡloːwɢ): phonetic 隺 + semantic 鳥.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • heh5 - vernacular;
  • hah5 - literary.
Note:
  • ho̍h - vernacular;
  • ho̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 鶴
Mandarin Beijing /xɤ⁵¹/
/xɑu³⁵/
Harbin /xau²⁴/
/xɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /xɑu⁴⁵/
/xɤ⁵³/
Jinan /xə²¹³/
/xə²¹/ 新
Qingdao /xə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /xuo²¹/
Xining /xɔ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xə¹³/
Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
Chengdu /xo³¹/
Guiyang /xo²¹/
Kunming /xo³¹/
Nanjing /xoʔ⁵/
Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/
Pingyao /xʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ŋoʔ¹/
Suzhou /ŋoʔ³/
Hangzhou /ŋoʔ²/
Wenzhou /ŋo²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xɔ²²/
Tunxi /xo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xo²⁴/
Xiangtan /ho²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hoʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /houʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hoʔ⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hak̚³/
Rime
Character 鶴
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 下各切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦak̚/
Li
Rong		 /ɣɑk̚/
Wang
Li		 /ɣɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 hé
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 鶴 鶴
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hè hè
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæwk › ‹ hak ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɡ]ˤrawk/ /*[ɡ]ˤawk/
English white (of birds) crane

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 鶴
Reading # 1/1
No. 5092
Phonetic
component		 寉
Rime
group		 藥
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 涸
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡloːwɢ/

Definitions[edit]

鶴

  1. crane (bird)
  2. white
  3. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 鶴

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鶴

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

鶴 (tazu, tsuru): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis
Commons:Category
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Gruidae
鶴 (tsuru): a paper origami crane
Commons:Category
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Origami crane
鶴 (tsuru): a crane 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”)
Commons:Category
Kanji in this term
鶴
たず
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1][2] By one analysis, this may be a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, a common place where cranes can be found) +‎ つ (tsu, “crane? large bird?”). The tsu changes to dzu, modern zu as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu is probably the tsu in tsuru (see below).

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴 (hiragana たず, rōmaji tazu, historical hiragana たづ)

  1. (archaic, poetic) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 7, poem 1199); text here
      藻苅舟 奥榜来良之 妹之嶋 形見之浦尓 鶴翔所見
      もかりふね おきこぎくらし いもがしま かたみのうらに たづかけるみゆ
      Mo kari fune / oki kogi kurashi / Imogashima / Katami no ura ni / tazu kakeru miyu
      Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima
Usage notes[edit]

This reading is now reserved for poetry.[1][2]

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
つる
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

Likely Altaic cognates include Proto-Turkic *durunja (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”)|tr=togoruu). Compare also Hungarian daru (“crane”).

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean a crane (the bird) from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū as a phonetic ateji for the verb ending -tsuru, suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning a crane.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴 (hiragana つる, katakana ツル, rōmaji tsuru)

  1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
  2. short for 折鶴 (​orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
  3. short for 鶴嘴 (​tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
  4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
  5. (euphemistic) white hair
Usage notes[edit]

As with many words that name organisms, this word is often written in katakana when used in biology contexts.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
つ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Old Japanese. Only found in compounds. Uncertain derivation. May be a truncation of tsuru, or an ancient form of its own. Not used in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴 (hiragana つ, rōmaji tsu)

  1. (obsolete) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
Derived terms[edit]
Usage notes[edit]

Appears as ず (zu) in compounds due to rendaku.

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
かく
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (hak). Compare modern simplified Mandarin 鹤 (hè). Only found in compounds.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴 (hiragana かく, rōmaji kaku)

  1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

鶴 • (hak) (hangeul 학, revised hak, McCune-Reischauer hak, Yale hak)

  1. 두루미 (durumi) crane

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

鶴 (hạc)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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