鶴

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See also: 鹤
鶴 U+9DB4, 鶴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4
← 鶳
[U+9DB3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鶵 →
[U+9DB5]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鶴 (radical 196 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 47227, composition ⿰隺鳥)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1496, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4654, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+9DB4

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鶴
simp. 鹤
alt. forms 鸖
䳽

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鶴 *ɡloːwɢ
髉 *pqroːwɢ
篧 *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
榷 *kroːwɢ
搉 *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕 *kroːwɢ
確 *kʰroːwɢ
寉 *ɡluːwɢ
蒮 *luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡloːwɢ): phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • heh5 - vernacular;
  • hah5 - literary.
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • ho̍h - vernacular;
    • ho̍k - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 鶴
    Mandarin Beijing /xɤ⁵¹/
    /xɑu³⁵/
    Harbin /xau²⁴/
    /xɤ⁵³/
    Tianjin /xɑu⁴⁵/
    /xɤ⁵³/
    Jinan /xə²¹³/
    /xə²¹/ 新
    Qingdao /xə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xɤ²⁴/
    Xi'an /xuo²¹/
    Xining /xɔ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /xə¹³/
    Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
    Chengdu /xo³¹/
    Guiyang /xo²¹/
    Kunming /xo³¹/
    Nanjing /xoʔ⁵/
    Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/
    Pingyao /xʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋoʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ŋoʔ³/
    Hangzhou /ŋoʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ŋo²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /xɔ²²/
    Tunxi /xo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /xo²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ho²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
    Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
    /hoʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /houʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hoʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
    /hak̚³/
    Rime
    Character 鶴
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 下各切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɑk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦɑk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɑk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦak̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɑk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɑk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɑk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hé
    Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 鶴 鶴
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hè hè
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hæwk › ‹ hak ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ]ˤrawk/ /*[ɡ]ˤawk/
    English white (of birds) crane

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 鶴
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5092
    Phonetic
    component         		寉
    Rime
    group         		藥
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		涸
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡloːwɢ/

    Definitions[edit]

    鶴

    1. crane (bird)
    2. white
    3. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 鶴

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    鶴

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    鶴 (tazu, tsuru): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis
    Commons:Category
    Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Gruidae
    鶴 (tsuru): a paper origami crane
    Commons:Category
    Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Origami crane
    鶴 (tsuru): a crane 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”)
    Commons:Category
    Kanji in this term
    鶴
    たず
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.[1][2] By one analysis, this may be a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, a common place where cranes can be found) +‎ つ (tsu, “crane? large bird?”). The tsu changes to dzu, modern zu as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu is probably the tsu in tsuru (see below).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    鶴 (hiragana たず, rōmaji tazu, historical hiragana たづ)

    1. (archaic, poetic) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 7, poem 1199); text here
        藻苅舟 奥榜来良之 妹之嶋 形見之浦尓 鶴翔所見
        もかりふね おきこぎくらし いもがしま かたみのうらに たづかけるみゆ
        Mo kari fune / oki kogi kurashi / Imogashima / Katami no ura ni / tazu kakeru miyu
        Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima
    Usage notes[edit]

    This reading is now reserved for poetry.[1][2]

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    鶴
    つる
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

    Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.[3]

    The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean a crane (the bird) from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū as a phonetic ateji for the verb ending -tsuru, suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning a crane.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    鶴 (hiragana つる, katakana ツル, rōmaji tsuru)

    1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
    2. short for 折鶴 (​orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
    3. short for 鶴嘴 (​tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
    4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
    5. (euphemistic) white hair
    Usage notes[edit]

    As with many words that name organisms, this word is often written in katakana when used in biology contexts.

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    鶴
    つ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Old Japanese. Only found in compounds. Uncertain derivation. May be a truncation of tsuru, or an ancient form of its own. Not used in modern Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    鶴 (hiragana つ, rōmaji tsu)

    1. (obsolete) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
    Derived terms[edit]
    Usage notes[edit]

    Appears as ず (zu) in compounds due to rendaku.

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    鶴
    かく
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 鶴 (hak). Compare modern Mandarin 鶴 (hè). Only found in compounds.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    鶴 (hiragana かく, rōmaji kaku)

    1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Further reading[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
    4. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    鶴 • (hak) (hangeul 학, revised hak, McCune-Reischauer hak, Yale hak)

    1. 두루미 (durumi) crane

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    鶴 (hạc)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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