苦菜

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Chinese

[edit]
bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
 
dish (type of food); vegetables
trad. (苦菜)
simp. #(苦菜)
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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2 1/1
Initial () (29) (29) (14)
Final () (23) (23) (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () I I I
Fanqie
Baxter khuX khuH tshojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰəiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/ /t͡sʰɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɔX/ /kʰɔH/ /t͡sʰəjH/
Li
Rong
/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/ /t͡sʰᴀiH/
Wang
Li
/kʰuX/ /kʰuH/ /t͡sʰɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
cài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fu2 fu3 coi3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cài
Middle
Chinese
‹ khuX › ‹ tshojH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁaʔ/ /*s.r̥ˁəʔ-s/
English bitter vegetables

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2 1/1
No. 4242 4243 1076
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaːʔ/ /*kʰaːs/ /*sʰɯːs/

Noun

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苦菜

  1. (literally) bitter vegetable
  2. common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
  3. Alternative name for 敗醬败酱.

Synonyms

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  • (bitter vegetable): (literary) 苦荼 (kǔtú)

See also

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
にが
Grade: 3

Grade: 4
kun'yomi
 苦菜 on Japanese Wikipedia
ニガナ: Ixeridium dentatum

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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(にが)() or 苦菜(ニガナ) (nigana

  1. toothed ixeridium, Ixeridium dentatum

Usage notes

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  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
のけし
Grade: 3 Grade: 4
jukujikun
For pronunciation and definitions of 苦菜 – see the following entry.
野芥子のげし
[noun] sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus
Alternative spellings
野罌粟, ノゲシ
(This term, 苦菜, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)