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→‎Etymology: add a few more cognates in japanese and fix some issues; also add possible initial PJ meanings
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From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=ころす}}. First attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|殺}}</ref> From {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*kərəsu}}.
From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=ころす}}. First attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}}.<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|殺}}</ref> From {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*kərəsu}}.
{{rel-top|Cognates and surface analysis}}
{{rel-top|Cognates and surface analysis}}
⚫
Analyzed as cognate with {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}} and {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}}, in reference to a dead body being unable to move. Compare also {{m|ja|転ぶ|tr=korobu|t=to fall down}}, {{m|ja|転がる|tr=korogaru|t=to roll|pos=intransitive}}, and {{m|ja|転がす|tr=korogasu|t=to roll|pos=transitive}}.
Cognate {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*korosu}} → {{cog|ryn|殺っすり|tr=khussuri}}, {{cog|ryu|殺すん|tr=kurusun}}, {{cog|tkn|殺っすん|tr=kussun}}, {{cog|yox|殺すん|tr=hurusun}}, {{cog|mvi|殺しぃ|tr=kurusï}}, {{cog|rys|殺すん|tr=kurasun}}, and {{cog|yoi|殺ん|tr=kurun}}.


⚫
Cognate with {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*korosu}} (whence {{cog|ryn|殺っすり|tr=khussuri}}, {{cog|ryu|殺すん|tr=kurusun}}, {{cog|tkn|殺っすん|tr=kussun}}, {{cog|yox|殺すん|tr=hurusun}}, {{cog|mvi|殺しぃ|tr=kurusï}}, {{cog|rys|殺すん|tr=kurasun}}, and {{cog|yoi|殺ん|tr=kurun}}). Might be connected to {{cog|ine-pro|*kewh₂-|t=to [[hit]], to [[strike]]}} (whence {{cog|ine-toc-pro|*kāu-|t=to kill, to chop off}} → {{cog|xto|ko-}} and {{cog|txb|kau-}}, and {{cog|iir-pro|*kawš-}} → {{cog|fa|کشتن|tr=koštan|t=to kill, to murder}}), suggesting a [[Appendix:Glossary#wanderwort|Wanderwort]] in Asia. Compare also {{cog|okm|죽다|tr=cwùktá|t=to die}} → {{cog|ko|죽이다|tr=jugida|t=to kill, to cause death}} and {{cog|ko|죽다|tr=jukda|t=to die}}, {{cog|ta|கொல்|tr=kol|t=to kill, to murder}}, {{cog|sem-wes-pro|*ḳaṭal-}} → {{cog|ar|قتل|tr=qatala|t=to kill, to murder}}.
⚫
Analyzed as cognate with {{m|ja|凝る|tr=koru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}} and {{m|ja|凍える|tr=kogoeru|t=to freeze, to be frozen}}, in reference to a dead body being unable to move.


⚫
A [[Appendix:Glossary#surface analysis|surface analysis]] suggests that this could be ancient compound of {{com|jpx-pro|alt1=⟨{{IPAfont|*kə-}}⟩|pos1=prefix indicating a frozen state, as in {{m|ja|凝る}} and {{m|ja|凍える}}|alt2=⟨{{IPAfont|*-rə-}}⟩|pos2=indicates characteristic, ([[cf.]] {{m|ja|3=おおろか|tr=ōroka|t=neglectful|pos=from {{com|ja|nocat=1|凡|tr1=ō|t1=mediocrity|alt2='''ろ'''||か|pos3=adjective forming suffix|lit=with '''characteristics''' of mediocrity}}}}|alt3=⟨{{IPAfont|*-su}}⟩|pos3=[[Appendix:Glossary#causative|causative]] and [[Appendix:Glossary#transitive|transitive]] suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state|nocat=1}}. In this case it would initially mean "make one a frozen characteristic" → "make one unresponsive" → "make one no longer alive" → "make one dead" → "kill". {{rfref|ja}}
⚫
Possibly cognate with {{cog|ko|죽이다|tr=jugida|t=to kill, to cause death}} and {{cog|ko|죽다|tr=jukda|t=to die}}, from {{cog|okm|죽다|tr=cwùktá|t=to die}}. Might be connected to {{cog|ine-pro|*kewh₂-|t=to [[hit]], to [[strike]]}} (whence {{cog|ine-toc-pro|*kāu-|t=to kill, to chop off}} → {{cog|xto|ko-}} and {{cog|txb|kau-}}, and {{cog|iir-pro|*kawš-}} → {{cog|fa|کشتن|tr=koštan|t=to kill, to murder}}), suggesting a [[Appendix:Glossary#wanderwort|Wanderwort]] in Asia. Compare also {{cog|ta|கொல்|tr=kol|t=to kill, to murder}}, {{cog|sem-wes-pro|*ḳaṭal-}} → {{cog|ar|قتل|tr=qatala|t=to kill, to murder}}.

⚫
A [[Appendix:Glossary#surface analysis|surface analysis]] suggests a compound of {{com|jpx-pro|alt1=⟨{{IPAfont|*kə-}}⟩|pos1=prefix indicating a frozen or stiff state; see aforementioned cognates|alt2=⟨{{IPAfont|*-rə-}}⟩|pos2=indicates condition/state, ([[cf.]] {{m|ja|3=おおろか|tr=ōroka|t=neglectful|pos=from {{com|ja|nocat=1|凡|tr1=ō|t1=mediocrity|alt2='''ろ'''||か|pos3=adjective forming suffix|lit=of a mediocrity '''state'''}}}}|alt3=⟨{{IPAfont|*-su}}⟩|pos3=[[Appendix:Glossary#causative|causative]] and [[Appendix:Glossary#transitive|transitive]] suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state|nocat=1}}.{{rfref|ja}}
{{rel-bottom}}
{{rel-bottom}}


Revision as of 22:20, 29 November 2022

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
殺
ころ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
殺す (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *kərəsu.

Cognates and surface analysis

Analyzed as cognate with 凝る (koru, “to freeze, to be frozen”) and 凍える (kogoeru, “to freeze, to be frozen”), in reference to a dead body being unable to move. Compare also 転ぶ (korobu, “to fall down”), 転がる (korogaru, “to roll”, intransitive), and 転がす (korogasu, “to roll”, transitive).

Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *korosu (whence Northern Amami Ōshima 殺っすり (khussuri), Okinawan 殺すん (kurusun), Toku-No-Shima 殺っすん (kussun), Yoron 殺すん (hurusun), Miyako 殺しぃ (kurusï), Yaeyama 殺すん (kurasun), and Yonaguni 殺ん (kurun)). Might be connected to Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hit, to strike”) (whence Proto-Tocharian *kāu- (“to kill, to chop off”) → Tocharian A ko- and Tocharian B kau-, and Proto-Indo-Iranian *kawš- → Persian کشتن (koštan, “to kill, to murder”)), suggesting a Wanderwort in Asia. Compare also Middle Korean 죽다 (cwùktá, “to die”) → Korean 죽이다 (jugida, “to kill, to cause death”) and Korean 죽다 (jukda, “to die”), Tamil கொல் (kol, “to kill, to murder”), Proto-West Semitic *ḳaṭal- → Arabic قتل (qatala, “to kill, to murder”).

A surface analysis suggests that this could be ancient compound of ⟨*kə-⟩ (prefix indicating a frozen state, as in 凝る and 凍える) +‎ ⟨*-rə-⟩ (indicates characteristic, (cf. おおろか (ōroka, “neglectful”, from 凡 (ō, “mediocrity”) +‎ ろ +‎ か (adjective forming suffix), literally “with characteristics of mediocrity”)) +‎ ⟨*-su⟩ (causative and transitive suffix, to make an action occur, to put to a state). In this case it would initially mean "make one a frozen characteristic" → "make one unresponsive" → "make one no longer alive" → "make one dead" → "kill".
This section or entry lacks references or sources. Please help verify this information by adding appropriate citations. You can also discuss it at the Tea Room.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "殺す"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		殺す ころす [kòrósú]
Imperative (命令形) 殺せ ころせ [kòrósé]
Key constructions
Passive 殺される ころされる [kòrósárérú]
Causative 殺させる ころさせる [kòrósásérú]
Potential 殺せる ころせる [kòrósérú]
Volitional 殺そう ころそー [kòrósóꜜò]
Negative 殺さない ころさない [kòrósánáí]
Negative perfective 殺さなかった ころさなかった [kòrósánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 殺します ころします [kòróshímáꜜsù]
Perfective 殺した ころした [kòróshítá]
Conjunctive 殺して ころして [kòróshíté]
Hypothetical conditional 殺せば ころせば [kòróséꜜbà]

Verb

殺(ころ)す • (korosu) godan (stem 殺(ころ)し (koroshi), past 殺(ころ)した (koroshita))

  1. to kill, to put to death
    • 1984 November 15, Motoka Murakami, “鹿(カ)児(ゴ)島(シマ)の猛(も)者(さ)たちの巻(まき) [The He-Men of Kagoshima]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 17 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 18:
      よし！　さっそくおめたちと稽(けい)古(こ)さしたい！それがオレからの返(へん)礼(れい)だ！この夏(なつ)木(き)六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)殺(ころ)せるもんなら殺(ころ)してみろ！
      Yoshi! Sassoku ome-tachi to keiko sa shitai! Sore ga ore kara no henrei da! Kono Natsuki Musashi koroseru mon nara koroshite miro!
      Alright! I’ll practice with all of you at once! Consider that my thank-you for welcomin’ me! If any of you think you can destroy me, Natsuki Musashi, do give it a go!
      ほんなら夏(なつ)木(き)ー‼まず一(イッ)番(バン)にオイと勝(しょう)負(ぶ)じゃっ‼
      Hon nara Natsukī‼ Mazu ibban ni oi to shōbu ja'‼
      Awrite den, Natsuki!! Ah’ll be yer first opponent!!
      (literally, “In that case, Natsuki!! Settle with me first and foremost!!”)
  2. to ruin, to spoil
    地方色(ちほうしょく)を殺(ころ)す
    chihōshoku o korosu
    to spoil local colors
  3. to suppress, to stifle
    声(こえ)を殺(ころ)す
    koe o korosu
    to suppress one's voice → to speak under one's breath
    感情(かんじょう)を殺(ころ)す
    kanjō o korosu
    to suppress one's emotions

Synonyms

Conjugation

Conjugation of "殺す" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 殺さ ころさ korosa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 殺し ころし koroshi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 殺す ころす korosu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 殺す ころす korosu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 殺せ ころせ korose
Meireikei ("imperative") 殺せ ころせ korose
Key constructions
Passive 殺される ころされる korosareru
Causative 殺させる
殺さす 		ころさせる
ころさす 		korosaseru
korosasu
Potential 殺せる ころせる koroseru
Volitional 殺そう ころそう korosō
Negative 殺さない ころさない korosanai
Negative continuative 殺さず ころさず korosazu
Formal 殺します ころします koroshimasu
Perfective 殺した ころした koroshita
Conjunctive 殺して ころして koroshite
Hypothetical conditional 殺せば ころせば koroseba

References

  1. ^ “殺”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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