Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ja

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”). Cognate with Latin iam (“already”).

Alternative forms

• *jai

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɑ/

Particle

*ja

1. yes (confirmation particle)
2. thus, so
3. and (conjunctive particle)

Derived terms

• *jai
• *jabai
• *jahw, *jah

Descendants

• Old English: iā, ġēa; ġe
  • Middle English: ȝea, ye, ya
    • Scots: ya, yea, ay, aye, yo
    • English: ya, yea, yo
• Old Frisian: jē, gē; jā, jē, jō
  • Saterland Frisian: ja, jee
  • West Frisian: ja
• Old Saxon: jā, giā; ge, gi, gie, gia
  • Middle Low German: ja, jā
    • German Low German: ja
• Old Dutch: jā; *joh
  • Middle Dutch: ja
    • Dutch: ja
      • Afrikaans: ja
• Old High German: jā; joh, ioh
  • Middle High German: ja, jā; joch
    • Alemannic German: ja, jaa, jòò, jä
    • Bavarian:

      Cimbrian: ja

      Viennese: jå

    • German: ja (standard); jo, joa (informal); joch (dialectal)
    • Luxembourgish: jo
    • Yiddish: יאָ (yo)
• Old Norse: já
  • Icelandic: já
  • Faroese: ja
  • Norwegian: ja, jo
  • Old Swedish: ia, iā
    • Swedish: ja, jo
  • Danish: ja, jo
  • , , , , ,
• Gothic: 𐌾𐌰 (ja), 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai)