User:Sarri.greek/Appendix:'to be' in Greek
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Appendix:
The verb "I am" ("to be") in Greek: ancient, mediaeval & modern - Forms, some regional dialectal forms & few rare forms.
εἰμί (eimí) /eː.mí/ → /iˈmi/ - εἶμαι (eîmai) /ˈi.me/ - είμαι (eímai) /ˈi.me/
Symbols & see symbols & abbreviations
The first lines: regular forms.
Varieties (regional dialectal or less common forms) follow.
indicativus, praesens
# | - - - ancient - - - > grc |
< - - - medieval - - - > gkm |
< - - - modern - - - el |
---|---|---|---|
1s | εἰμί (eimí) | εἶμαι (eîmai)
|
είμαι (eímai) |
2s | εἶ (eî)
indicativus praesens - enclít., excep.
|
εἶσαι (eîsai)
|
είσαι (eísai)
|
3s | ἐστί (estí)(ν (n))
|
ἔνι (éni), ἔν (én), ἔνε (éne)/ἔναι (énai), εἶν (eîn)/ἦν (ên), εἶνε (eîne)/εἶναι (eînai)
|
είναι (eínai)
|
1p | ἐσμέν (esmén)
|
εἴμεστε (eímeste)(ν), εἴμεσθε (eímesthe)(ν)
|
είμαστε (eímaste)
|
2p | ἐστέ (esté) | εἶστε (eîste)(ν), εἶσθε (eîsthe)(ν)
|
είστε (eíste), είσαστε (eísaste)
|
3p | εἰσί (eisí) / εἰσίν (eisín)
indicativus praesens εγκλιτικά - enclít., excep.
gmy: 𐀁𐀁𐀯 (e-e-si) *ἔhενσι |
όπως 3ο εν. ἔνι (éni), ἔν (én), ἔνε (éne)/ἔναι (énai), εἶν (eîn)/ἦν (ên), εἶνε (eîne)/εἶναι (eînai)
|
είναι (eínai)
|
2d | ἐστόν (estón) | ||
3d | ἐστόν (estón) |
↑
coniunctīvus, praesens
# | grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | < - - - el - - - |
---|---|---|---|
1s | ὦ (ô)
coniunctīvus medĭum
|
νά + ind.praes. είμαι (eímai) | |
2s | ᾖς (êis) | ||
3s | ᾖ (êi)
coniunctīvus medĭum
|
||
1p | ὦμεν (ômen)
coniunctīvus medĭum
|
||
2p | ἦτε (ête) | ||
3p | ὦσι (ôsi) / ὦσιν (ôsin)
coniunctīvus medĭum
|
||
2d | ἦτον (êton) | ||
3d | ἦτον (êton) |
↑
optativus
# | grc | - - -gkm - - - > | - - - el- - - > |
---|---|---|---|
1s | εἴην (eíēn) optativus medĭum
|
ας (as) / μακάρι (makári) να (na) + ind.praes. είμαι (eímai), ας + ind.imperf. ήμουν (ímoun) | |
2s | εἴης (eíēs)
|
||
3s | εἴη (eíē)
optativus medĭum
|
||
1p | εἴημεν (eíēmen) / εἶμεν (eîmen) | ||
2p | εἴητε (eíēte) / εἶτε (eîte) | ||
3p | εἴησαν (eíēsan) / εἶεν (eîen)
optativus medĭum
|
||
2d | εἴητον (eíēton) / εἶτον (eîton) | ||
3d | εἰήτην (eiḗtēn) / εἴτην (eítēn) |
imperativus, praesens
# | grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | < - - - el - - - |
---|---|---|---|
2s | ἴσθι (ísthi) | learnedly, rare: ἔσο (éso) | learnedly: έσο (éso)
|
3s | ἔστω (éstō) | learnedly: ἔστω (éstō), ἔσθω | έστω (ésto) |
2p | ἔστε (éste) | learnedly, rare: ἔστε (éste) | |
3p | ἔστων (éstōn), ἔστωσαν (éstōsan), ὄντων (óntōn) | learnedly: ἔστωσαν (éstōsan) | |
2d | ἔστον (éston) | ||
3d | ἔστων (éstōn) |
↑
infinitīvus, praesens
grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | < - - - el- - - |
---|---|---|
εἶναι (eînai)
|
εἶσται (eîstai)(ν)-εἶστε (eîste)(ν)
|
το (to) (article) να (na) είσαι (eísai)
|
Present participle
[edit]↑
participĭum, praesens:
- Used learnedly in all following periods (polytonically or monotonically)
- el: indeclinable: όντας (óntas, “being”)
- gkm: ὄντας «now the SMG form, does not appear in texts before the 17th c. Of course, when a masculine singular subject is involved, it cannot easily be established whether ὄντας was intended as a gerund or a participle.»[1]
grc. masc. | grc. fem. | grc. neu. |
---|---|---|
masc.nom.sg. | fem.nom.sg. | neu.nom.sg. |
ὤν (ṓn)
|
οὖσᾰ (oûsa)
|
ὄν (ón) |
masc.gen.sg. | fem.gen.sg. | neu.gen.sg. |
ὄντος (óntos) | οὔσης (oúsēs)
|
ὄντος (óntos) |
masc.dat.sg | fem.dat.sg. | neu.dat.sg. |
ὄντι (ónti)
|
οὔσῃ (oúsēi)
|
ὄντι (ónti) |
masc.acc.sg | fem.acc.sg. | neu.acc.sg. |
ὄντα (ónta)
gmy: e-o (*ἐhών) |
οὖσᾰν (oûsan)
|
ὄν (ón) |
masc.voc.sg | fem.voc.sg. | neu.voc.sg. |
ὤν (ṓn) | οὖσᾰ (oûsa) | ὄν (ón) |
masc.nom.pl. | fem.nom.pl. | neu.nom.pl. |
ὄντες (óntes) | οὖσαι (oûsai) | ὄντᾰ (ónta) |
masc.gen.pl. | fem.gen.pl. | neu.gen.pl. |
ὄντων (óntōn) | οὐσῶν (ousôn)
|
ὄντων (óntōn) |
masc.dat.pl. | fem.dat.pl. | neu.dat.pl. |
οὖσι (oûsi) / οὖσιν (oûsin)
|
οὔσαις (oúsais) | οὖσι (oûsi) / οὖσιν (oûsin) |
masc.acc.pl. | fem.acc.pl. | neu.acc.pls. |
ὄντᾰς (óntas) | οὔσᾱς (oúsās)
|
ὄντᾰ (ónta) |
masc.voc.pl. | fem.voc.pl. | neu.voc.pls. |
ὄντες (óntes) | οὖσαι (oûsai) | ὄντᾰ (ónta) |
masc.nom/acc/voc.d | fem... | neu... |
ὄντε (ónte) | οὔσᾱ (oúsā) | ὄντε (ónte) |
masc.gen/dat.d. | fem... | neu... |
ὄντοιν (óntoin) | οὔσαιν (oúsain) | ὄντοιν (óntoin) |
Imperfect
[edit]imperfēctum - παρατατικός (paratatikós))
Imperfect indicative
[edit]↑
indicativus, imperfēctum (οριστική, παρατατικός (paratatikós))
# | grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | < - - - el - - - |
---|---|---|---|
1s | ἦν (ên) / ἦ (ê)
impf. medĭum
|
ἤμουν (ḗmoun)
|
ήμουν (ímoun), ήμουνα (ímouna) |
2s | ἦσθα (êstha)
impf. medĭum
|
ἤσουν (ḗsoun)
|
ήσουν (ísoun), ήσουνα (ísouna)
|
3s | ἦν (ên)
impf. iter.
impf. medĭum
|
ἦτο (êto)(ν), ἦταν (êtan)
|
ήταν (ítan), ήτανε (ítane)
|
1p | ἦμεν (êmen)
impf. medĭum
|
ἤμεσθε (ḗmesthe)(ν) - ἤμεστε (ḗmeste)(ν), ἤμεσθα (ḗmestha)(ν) - ἤμεστα (ḗmesta)(ν)
|
ήμασταν (ímastan), less common: ήμαστε (ímaste)
|
2p | ἦτε (ête)
|
ἦσθε (êsthe)(ν)-ἦστε (êste)(ν)
|
ήσασταν (ísastan), less common: ήσαστε (ísaste)
|
3p | ἦσαν (êsan)
impf. iter.
impf. medĭum
|
ἦσαν (êsan), ἦταν (êtan), ἦτον (êton)
|
ήταν (ítan), ήτανε (ítane) (as 3s) |
2d | ἦστον (êston) | ||
3d | ἤστην (ḗstēn) |
Future
[edit]Future indicative
[edit]↑
indicativus futūrum
- gkm: 5.1. Future - #Camgridge Grammar «Substitution of the present indicative for the future indicative had not been uncommon since Antiquity» […] Furthermore, various analytic formations developed to replace it, such as auxiliary verb constructions (with μέλλω, ἔχω, θέλω, ὀφείλω, βούλομαι) and ἵνα/νά + subjunctive
# | grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | <- - - e l- - - |
---|---|---|---|
1s | ἔσομαι (ésomai) | cf. notes | θα (tha) + ind.pres. είμαι (eímai)
|
2s | ἔσῃ (ésēi) / ἔσει (ései)
|
||
3s | ἔσται (éstai) / ἔσεται (ésetai)
|
||
1p | ἐσόμεθᾰ (esómetha)
|
||
2p | ἔσεσθε (ésesthe) | ||
3p | ἔσονται (ésontai)
gmy: e-so-to (*ἔσ(σ)οντοι imperat. ἔστω) |
||
2d | ἔσεσθον (ésesthon) | ||
3d | ἔσεσθον (ésesthon) |
Future infinitive
[edit]infinitīvus, futūrum
grc | < - - - gkm - - - > | < - - - e l- - - |
---|---|---|
ἔσεσθαι (ésesthai)
|
Future participle
[edit]participĭum, futūrum
regular declension: ἐσόμενος (esómenos) - ἐσομένη (esoménē) - ἐσόμενον (esómenon)
- masc.plu.dat ἐσσομένοισι Il(Iliad).2.119, Od(Odyssey).3.204,
- fem.acc.sg. ἐσσομέ[ν]αν IG 9(2).1229.39 (Falana 2↑)
- fem.acc.pl. ἐσσευμένας SIG 569.21 (Cos 3↑)
- fem.dat.pl. ἐσσομένῃσιν Od.11.433.
Symbols, abbreviations
[edit]↑
The first lines: regular forms.
Varieties (regional dialectal or less common forms) follow.
- a number X↑ = AD century, CE
- a number X↓ = century BC, BCE
- ⌘ = link to the el.wiktionary Library for Ancient Greek wikt:el:Βικιλεξικό:Βιβλιοθήκη (αρχαία ελληνικά) or Medieval Greek wikt:el:Βικιλεξικό:Βιβλιοθήκη (μεσαιωνικά ελληνικά)
- I = Inscriptiones inscriptions
- P = Papyri
Language codes
- grc = Category:Ancient Greek
- grc-koi = Category: Hellenistic Koine Greek, also Late Koine.
- gkm / grc-gkm =Category:Medieval Greek
- Learned mediaeval is similar to Late Koine and has the identical typology (inflections, suffixes) as standard ancient inflections.
- el = Category:Modern Greek
- dial = regional dialectal or idiomatic. Dialects of modern times + idioms with dialectal status[2]
- cpg = Category:Cappadocian dialect -dead dialect-
- grk-ita = Category:Italiot dialect -very few speakers-
- pnt = Category:Pontic dialect
- tsd = Category:Tsakonian dialect -very few speakers-
- el-crt = Category:Cretan idiom
- el-cyp = Category:Cypriot idiom
- el-kth = variety Category:Katharevousa up to 1976 was compulsory official language
- dial = regional dialectal or idiomatic. Dialects of modern times + idioms with dialectal status[2]
Terms of grammar (in English & Latin)
- tenses: present - praesens, Template:TODO
- moods: indicative - indicativus, sub = sub
- numbers: sg = singular - singularis, pl = plural - pluralis, d = dual - dualis
- cases: nom = nominative - nominativus, gen = genitive - genitivus, dat = dative - dativus, acc = accustaive - accusativus, voc = vocative - vocativus
References
[edit]- ^ 4.8.5. Participle and Gerund [είμαι] - #Grammar Cambridge
- ^ Modern Greek Dialects What is a dialect? - Research Centre for Modern Greek Dialects, Academy of Athens:: Nowadays we consider as dialects the Pontiac (in which the Greek of Crimea-Mariupol are included), the Cappadocian, the Tsakonian and the Southern Italian. All the other regional variants of the Modern Greek Standard are known as idioms. In particular, the Cretan and Cypriot idioms are exceptionally known as dialects, thus acknowledging an intermediate level of language variation.
Sources
[edit]Ancient Greek grc:
- “εἰμί”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011
Medieval Greek gkm:
- εἶμαι in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek. (2019) by David Holton, Geoffrey Horrocks, Marjolijne Janssen, Tina Lendari, Io Manolessou & Notis Toufexis. Cambridge University Press. 4 vols. DOI - intro
4.8. The Verb εἶμαι. Indications at tables: General - Restricted: regional or special forms / Rare: attested only in few texts.
Modern Greek el SMG (Standard Modern Greek)
- Ρήματα & είμαι - school textbook for Gymnasium students 13-15 years old Γραμματική Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας Α-Β-Γ Γυμνασίου
Modern varieties & dialects (Category:Greek reference templates for dialects and regional idioms)
- Category:Tsakonian language tsd: lemma *είμαι (ένι, etc) - wikt:el:Template:R:tsd:el:Costakis
- Category:Katharevousa: p.580 είμαι - Βοσταντζόγλου, Θεολόγος (1967) Αναλυτικόν Ορθογραφικόν λεξικόν της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσης (Καθαρευούσης και Δημοτικής). Αθήναι: χ.ε., 1967. With juxtaposition of clitic Tables of Katharevousa and his contemporary Modern Greek of the 1960s