AD

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ad"

Translingual

Symbol

AD

1. (international standards) ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Andorra.

   Synonym: AND (alpha-3)

English

Alternative forms

• A.D.
• (annō Dominī) A. D.

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˌeɪˈdi/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

Adverb

AD

1. (often punctuated) Initialism of Anno Domini (borrowed from Latin); in the year of our Lord.

   They had a vibrant culture from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD.

   Today is 19 July AD 2025.

   • 1916 September 23, The Saturday Evening Post, volume 189, number 13, page 3:

     Founded A^O.D^I. 1728 by Benj. Franklin

   • 1979, Paul Hulton, Lawrence Smith, “Naturalism in Sung China”, in Flowers in Art from East and West‎^[1], Jarrold and Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 3:

     There is a striving towards naturalism in agricultural scenes painted on bricks in tombs of the third century AD recently excavated at Chia-yü-kuan in Kansu Province which is reminiscent of later European illuminated manuscripts such as the English fifteenth-century Luttrell Psalter in the British Library.

   • 2010, John Moretti, “Perugia, Assisi & Northern Umbria”, in Florence, Tuscany & Umbria (Frommer’s), 7th edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., →ISBN, section 2 (Assisi: An Artistic Pilgrimage), page 393:

     But keep on the lookout for the 1st-century-a.d. stele on the right wall, with symbols of the deceased’s civic scribely duties (a scroll and codex), and the fresco remnants around to the left.

Usage notes

• The initialism is used to specify numbered years counting from the once estimated birth of Christ in year 1.
• The Chicago Manual of Style, as well as most house styles, requires placing AD before the number of the year and BC after, although in casual use either abbreviation can be found in either place. It is placed after centuries. It is often printed in small caps.
• Some use CE, for "Common Era", which is more secular in nature, to avoid potential Christian bias.
• "AD" is not normally used in expressions like "in the year AD 1990", since in such a year it is taken for granted (and it is also redundant, literally meaning "in the year in the year of our Lord 1990"). In "Vesuvius erupted in AD 79", it is expected.

Synonyms

• (anno Domini): AC, A.C. (anno Christi); anno Domini, Anno Domini, CE, Christian Era, in the year of our Lord

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “anno Domini”): AC, A.C. (ante Christum); b.c., BC, B.C. (before Christ); BCE

Translations

anno Domini

• Arabic: حِقْبَة عَامَّة f (ḥiqba ʕāmma), بَعْدَ الْمِيلَاد (baʕda l-mīlād)
• Armenian: մ.թ. (m.tʻ.), Ք.հ. (Kʻ.h.)
• Belarusian: ад Н. Х. (ad N. X.), на́шай э́ры (nášaj éry)
• Bulgarian: сл. Хр. (sl. Hr.) (след Xpиста (sled Xpista))
• Catalan: dC (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 公元 (zh) (gōngyuán), 西元 (zh) (xīyuán)

• Czech: po Kr. (cs) (po Kristu (cs)), AD (cs)
• Danish: e.Kr. (efter Kristus)
• Dutch: n. Chr (na Christus)
• Esperanto: p.K. (eo) (post Kristo)
• Finnish: jKr. (fi) (jälkeen Kristuksen)
• French: ap. J.-C. (fr), apr. J.-C. (fr) (après Jésus-Christ); en l'an de grâce (archaic)
• Georgian: ახ. წ. (ax. c̣.), ჩვ. წ. (ka) (čv. c̣.)
• German: n. Chr. (de) (nach Christus, nach Christo); n. Chr. Geb., n. Chr. G. (nach Christi Geburt)
• Greek: μ.Χ. (el) (m.Ch.) (metá Christón)
• Hebrew: לַסְּפִירָה (lasfirá), לסה״נ (lisfirát hanotzrím) (acronym), לְמִנְיָנָם (l'minyanám) (used by religious jews)
• Hindi: आम युग (ām yug), कॉमन युग (kŏman yug), वर्तमान युग (vartamān yug), सीई (sīī) (CE)
• Hungarian: Kr. u. (hu) (Krisztus után)
• Indonesian: M (id) (Masehi)
• Italian: d.C. (dopo Cristo)
• Japanese: 西暦 (ja) (せいれき, seireki), 紀元 (ja) (き​げん, kigen), 西紀 (ja) (せいき, seiki)
• Khmer: គ.ស. (km) (kɔɔsɑɑ), គ្រិស្តសករាជ (km) (krɨh saʼkraac)
• Korean: 서력(西曆) (ko) (seoryeok), 기원후(紀元後) (ko) (giwonhu), 서기(西紀) (ko) (seogi),
• Latin: A. C., AC (la) (anno Christi); A. D., AD (la) (anno Domini); p. Chr. n. (la), p. Chr. (la) (post Christum [natum])
• Lithuanian: po Kr. (po Kristaus)
• Macedonian: н.е. (mk) (n.e.)
• Malay: M (Masihi)
• Navajo: Doodaatsaahii biʼdizhchį́į́ dóó bikʼijįʼ
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: AD, a.D. (anno Domini)

• Polish: po Chr. (pl) (po Chrystusie); p.n.Chr. (po narodzeniu Chrystusa)
• Portuguese: DC (pt), d.C. (pt) (depois de Cristo)
• Romanian: d.Hr. (după Hristos)
• Russian: по́сле Р. Хр. (pósle R. Xr.); н. э. (ru) (n. e.), на́шей э́ры (nášej éry)
• Scottish Gaelic: AD (an dèidh Chrìosda)
• Slovak: po Kr. (po Kristovi)
• Slovene: n. št.
• Spanish: d.C. (después de Cristo)
• Swahili: BK (baada ya Kristo)
• Swedish: e.Kr. (sv) (efter Kristus)
• Tagalog: M.K. (Mula kay Kristo)
• Telugu: క్రీ.శ. (krī.śa.)
• Thai: ค.ศ. (th) (kɔɔ.sɔ̌ɔ.), คริสต์ศักราช (th) (krít-sàk-gà-ràat)
• Ukrainian: від Р. Хр. (vid R. Xr.), н. е. (n. e.), на́шої е́ри (nášoji éry), пі́сля Р. Хр. (píslja R. Xr.)

Noun

AD (countable and uncountable, plural ADs)

1. (film) Initialism of assistant director.
   • 1993 November, Lynn Hirschberg, “Brat on a Hot Tin Roof”, in Vanity Fair‎^[2]:

     A few moments later, the A.D. reappears. "They need you," she says. "And could you stop by Wardrobe?" Shannen rolls her eyes. "O.K.!" she snaps.

2. (military) Initialism of air defence or air defense.
3. (pharmacology) Initialism of antidepressant.
4. (US, Navy) Initialism of auxiliary destroyer (a naval tender, a destroyer tender that tends to destroyers).
5. (uncountable, pathology) Initialism of Alzheimer's disease.
   • 2015 — Larochelle, Stéphane (December 2015). "STOMPing at the bits". Nature Methods 12 (12): 1114. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3679. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

     Many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), involve pathological protein deposits.

6. (aviation) Initialism of airworthiness directive.
7. (television) Abbreviation of audio description.
8. (Internet) Initialism of after dark.

Hyponyms

• (airworthiness directive): EAD

Coordinate terms

• (destroyer tender): AS

Adjective

AD (not comparable)

1. (business) Initialism of antidumping.

Proper noun

AD

1. Initialism of Abu Dhabi.
2. (India) Initialism of Andhra Pradesh.

Anagrams

• D. A., D.A., DA, Da, da

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ade/

Noun

AD

1. initialism of angkatan darat
2. initialism of anggaran dasar
3. initialism of anno Domini

Italian

Noun

AD m or f by sense (invariable)

1. initialism of amministratore delegato (“CEO”)

Anagrams

• da, da', dà

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• a.D.

Etymology

First part short for anno from Latin annō, ablative of annus (“year; time”), from Proto-Italic *atnos (“year”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, from *h₂et- (“to go”).

Last part short for Domini from Latin Dominī, genitive singular of Dominus (“The Lord”), of dominus (“lord, master of a house”), from Proto-Italic *domanos, from Proto-Indo-European *domh₂nos (“subduing”), from *demh₂- (“to domesticate, tame”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑː.deː/, /ˈanːʊ.dʊˈmiːnɪ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː, -iːnɪ
• Hyphenation: A‧D
• Homophones: anno Domini, a.D.

Phrase

AD

1. initialism of anno Domini (“Anno Domini”)
   • 2002, Cecilie Høigård, Gategallerier:

     [AD] kan også bety noe annet enn Angel Devious, det kan bety Anno Domini

     [AD] can also mean something other than Angel Devious, it can mean Anno Domini

References

• “AD” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “AD” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “a.D. (anno Domini)” in Store norske leksikon

Anagrams

• a.D., ad, da

Swedish

Proper noun

AD c (genitive AD:s)

1. abbreviation of Arbetsdomstolen (“the Swedish Labour Court”, literally “Labour Court”)
   • 2023 April 18, Mårten Martos Nilsson, “MTR stämmer strejkarna till Arbetsdomstolen [MTR is suing the strikes in Labor Court.]”, in Arbetet:

     Som ett led i våra försök att minimera effekterna för resenärerna har vi idag via Tågföretagen lämnat in en begäran till AD om att ålägga lokförarna att återgå i arbete, bekräftar Niklas Ekström, kommunikationsansvarig vid MTR.

     "As part of our efforts to minimize the impact on travelers, today we, via the Train Companies, have submitted a request to the Labor Court to instruct the train drivers to return to work," confirms Niklas Ekström, Communications Manager at MTR.

Derived terms

• AD-dom (“Labour Court ruling”)
• AD-domare (“Labour Court judge”)
• AD-mål (“Labour Court case”)

Noun

AD c

1. a combination of vitamin A and D, given to children (in 2008 replaced by only vitamin D)
2. initialism of art director
3. (soccer) initialism of assisterande domare (“assistant referee”)

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

• AD-droppar

Anagrams

• da, da.