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noceo

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Latin

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Etymology

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    From Proto-Italic *nokeō, from earlier *nokejō, from Proto-Indo-European *noḱ-éye-ti, causative of the root *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”). Cognate with Sanskrit नश्यति (naśyati, “disappear, perish”).

    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    noceō (present infinitive nocēre, perfect active nocuī, supine nocitum); second conjugation

    1. (with dative) to injure, do harm to, hurt, damage
      Synonyms: mulcō, feriō, sauciō, vulnerō, secō, īnfestō, laedō
      • c. 50 BCE, Publilius Syrus, Sententiae:
        Bonīs nocet quisquis pepercit malīs.
        He does harm to the good, whoever has been lenient to the bad
      • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium 47.17:
        “Servus est.” Sed fortasse līber animō. “Servus est.” Hoc illī nocēbit?
        “He is a slave.” But perhaps he’s free in spirit. “He is a slave.” [Why] will this bring harm to that [man]?
        (Third-person singular future indicative verb nocēbit forms a question that takes the dative case for its object: illī.)

    Usage notes

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    • The injury caused may be physical or emotional.

    Conjugation

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    • In practice, the only passive forms met with in Latin are the third-person singular forms.
       Conjugation of noceō (second conjugation)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present noceō nocēs nocet nocēmus nocētis nocent
    imperfect nocēbam nocēbās nocēbat nocēbāmus nocēbātis nocēbant
    future nocēbō nocēbis nocēbit nocēbimus nocēbitis nocēbunt
    perfect nocuī nocuistī nocuit nocuimus nocuistis nocuērunt,
    nocuēre
    pluperfect nocueram nocuerās nocuerat nocuerāmus nocuerātis nocuerant
    future perfect nocuerō nocueris nocuerit nocuerimus nocueritis nocuerint
    sigmatic future1 noxō noxis noxit noximus noxitis noxint
    passive present noceor nocēris,
    nocēre     		nocētur nocēmur nocēminī nocentur
    imperfect nocēbar nocēbāris,
    nocēbāre     		nocēbātur nocēbāmur nocēbāminī nocēbantur
    future nocēbor nocēberis,
    nocēbere     		nocēbitur nocēbimur nocēbiminī nocēbuntur
    perfect nocitus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect nocitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect nocitus + future active indicative of sum
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present noceam noceās noceat noceāmus noceātis noceant
    imperfect nocērem nocērēs nocēret nocērēmus nocērētis nocērent
    perfect nocuerim nocuerīs nocuerit nocuerīmus nocuerītis nocuerint
    pluperfect nocuissem nocuissēs nocuisset nocuissēmus nocuissētis nocuissent
    sigmatic aorist1 noxim noxīs noxīt,
    noxsīt     		noxīmus noxītis noxint
    passive present nocear noceāris,
    noceāre     		noceātur noceāmur noceāminī noceantur
    imperfect nocērer nocērēris,
    nocērēre     		nocērētur nocērēmur nocērēminī nocērentur
    perfect nocitus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect nocitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — nocē — — nocēte —
    future — nocētō nocētō — nocētōte nocentō
    passive present — nocēre — — nocēminī —
    future — nocētor nocētor — — nocentor
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present nocēre nocērī,
    nocērier2     		nocēns —
    future nocitūrum esse nocitum īrī nocitūrus nocendus
    perfect nocuisse nocitum esse — nocitus
    future perfect — nocitum fore — —
    perfect potential nocitūrum fuisse — — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    nocendī nocendō nocendum nocendō nocitum nocitū

    1At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
    2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Rhaeto-Romance:
      • Friulian: nosê
      • Romansch: noscher, nuschair
    • Gallo-Romance:
    • Ibero-Romance:

    Reflexes of an assumed variant *nocĕre:[1]

    References

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    1. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “nŏcēre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 7: N–Pas, page 162

    Further reading

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    • “noceo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “noceo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • “noceo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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