savoir
French
Alternative forms
- sçavoir (obsolete)
Etymology
From Old French savoir, saveir, from Vulgar Latin *sapēre, from Latin sapĕre (“to taste”) (and "to know" in Late Latin, by influence of the adjective sapiēns (“wise”)), present active infinitive of sapiō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁p- (“to try, to research”). The verb was for a long time spelled sçavoir from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle French until the 18th century, by false regression to Classical Latin scīre "to know".
The forms of the verb with -ch- are a regular reflex of Latin -pi- (/-pj-/). Compare seiche, approcher, hache.
See cognates in regional languages in France : Angevin sçavouèr, Bourbonnais-Berrichon savoér, Bourguignon saivoi, Champenois saouâr, Franc-Comtois saivoi, Gallo savair, Lorrain sahoir, Norman saveî, Picard savoèr, Poitevin-Saintongeais saver, Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "roa-tou" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF., Franco-Provençal savêr, Occitan saupre or saber, Catalan saber, Corsican sapè.
Pronunciation
Verb
savoir
- to know (something)
- to know how (to do something)
- Savez-vous nager?
- Do you know how to swim?
- Savez-vous nager?
- to be able to, to be apt to (especially in the negative conditional)
- Il ne saurait tarder que...
- It cannot/will not be long before...
- «Il ne saurait être considéré comme un acte de résistance puisque le Hamas a cessé la résistance dans la bande de Gaza», a poursuivi M. Abbas.» – Le Devoir, 3 September 2010
- Il ne saurait tarder que...
- to find out
- Nous devons savoir pourquoi il a fait ça.
- We have to find out why he did this.
- Nous devons savoir pourquoi il a fait ça.
Usage notes
- To translate "know" in the sense "to be acquainted with", the verb connaître is used.
Conjugation
infinitive | simple | savoir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | sachant /sa.ʃɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | su /sy/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | sais /sɛ/ |
sais /sɛ/ |
sait /sɛ/ |
savons /sa.vɔ̃/ |
savez /sa.ve/ |
savent /sav/ |
imperfect | savais /sa.vɛ/ |
savais /sa.vɛ/ |
savait /sa.vɛ/ |
savions /sa.vjɔ̃/ |
saviez /sa.vje/ |
savaient /sa.vɛ/ | |
past historic2 | sus /sy/ |
sus /sy/ |
sut /sy/ |
sûmes /sym/ |
sûtes /syt/ |
surent /syʁ/ | |
future | saurai /sɔ.ʁe/ or /so.ʁe/ |
sauras /sɔ.ʁa/ or /so.ʁa/ |
saura /sɔ.ʁa/ or /so.ʁa/ |
saurons /sɔ.ʁɔ̃/ or /so.ʁɔ̃/ |
saurez /sɔ.ʁe/ or /so.ʁe/ |
sauront /sɔ.ʁɔ̃/ or /so.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | saurais /sɔ.ʁɛ/ or /so.ʁɛ/ |
saurais /sɔ.ʁɛ/ or /so.ʁɛ/ |
saurait /sɔ.ʁɛ/ or /so.ʁɛ/ |
saurions /sɔ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /so.ʁjɔ̃/ |
sauriez /sɔ.ʁje/ or /so.ʁje/ |
sauraient /sɔ.ʁɛ/ or /so.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | sache /saʃ/ |
saches /saʃ/ |
sache /saʃ/ |
sachions /sa.ʃjɔ̃/ |
sachiez /sa.ʃje/ |
sachent /saʃ/ |
imperfect2 | susse /sys/ |
susses /sys/ |
sût /sy/ |
sussions /sy.sjɔ̃/ |
sussiez /sy.sje/ |
sussent /sys/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | sache /saʃ/ |
— | sachons /sa.ʃɔ̃/ |
sachez /sa.ʃe/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Synonyms
Related terms
Noun
savoir m (plural savoirs)
Further reading
- “savoir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Old French
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *sapēre, from Latin sapere, present active infinitive of sapiō (“I taste”), later "I know".
Verb
savoir
- to know
- circa 1180,, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:
- Mes qui l’apele il ne le sot :
Fantosme cuide que ce soit.- But he did not know who was calling him
He thought that it was a ghost
- But he did not know who was calling him
- circa 1155, Wace, Le Roman de Brut:
- Et mult sot de chiens et d'oisiax
- And he knew much about dogs and about birds
- to be skilled in
- molt bien savoit le latin
- he was very skilled in Latin
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has a stressed present stem sev distinct from the unstressed stem sav, as well as other irregularities. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | savoir | avoir seü | |||||
gerund | en savant, sachant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | savant, sachant | ||||||
past participle | seü | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | sai | ses | set | savons | savez | sevent |
imperfect | savoie, saveie | savoies, saveies | savoit, saveit | saviiens, saviens | saviiez, saviez | savoient, saveient | |
preterite | soi | seüs | sot | seümes | seüstes | sorent | |
future | savrai, sarai | savras, saras | savra, sara | savrons, sarons | savroiz, savreiz, savrez, saroiz, sareiz, sarez | savront, saront | |
conditional | savroie, savreie, saroie, sareie | savroies, savreies, saroies, sareies | savroit, savreit, saroit, sareit | savriiens, savriens, sariiens, sariens | savriiez, savriez, sariiez, sariez | savroient, savreient, saroient, sareient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | sache | saches | sache | sachiens, sachons | sachiez | sachent |
imperfect | seüsse | seüsses | seüst | seüssons, seüssiens | seüssoiz, seüssez, seüssiez | seüssent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | sache | — | sachiens, sachons | sachiez | — |
Noun
savoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural savoirs, nominative singular savoirs, nominative plural savoir)
Descendants
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- French terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms with audio links
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:French/waʁ
- French lemmas
- French verbs
- French third group verbs
- French irregular verbs
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- French nominalized infinitives
- fr:Thinking
- Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French verbs
- Old French terms with quotations
- Old French terms with usage examples
- Old French verbs with stem alternations
- Old French verbs with strong-o preterite
- Old French third group verbs
- Old French verbs ending in -oir
- Old French irregular verbs
- Old French nouns
- Old French masculine nouns