爾來

Chinese

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 爾來 – see 邇來 (“recently; lately”). (This term is a variant form of 邇來).

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ěrlái

  (Zhuyin): ㄦˇ ㄌㄞˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁵ loi⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ěrlái
    • Zhuyin: ㄦˇ ㄌㄞˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ěrlái
    • Wade–Giles: êrh³-lai²
    • Yale: ěr-lái
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eellai
    • Palladius: эрлай (erlaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ji⁵ loi⁴
    • Yale: yíh lòih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ loi⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ loi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: nyeX loj

Rime
Character	爾	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	支 (11)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	兒氏切	洛哀切
Baxter	nyeX	loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiᴇX/	/lʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɛX/	/ləi/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjɛX/	/lɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵiə̆X/	/ləj/
Li Rong	/ȵieX/	/lᴀi/
Wang Li	/ȵʑǐeX/	/lɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑie̯X/	/lɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ěr	lái
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji5	loi4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[ə][r]ʔ|n[ə][r]ʔ  mə.rˤək|mə.rˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njelʔ  m·rɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	爾	爾	爾	來	來
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ěr	ěr	ěr	lái	lái
Middle Chinese	‹ nejX ›	‹ nyeX ›	‹ nyeX ›	‹ loj ›	‹ loj ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁ[ə][r]ʔ/	/*n[ə][r]ʔ/	/*n[ə][r]ʔ/	/*mə.rˁək/ (> *mə.rˁə)	/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
English	numerous	(adv. suffix)	you(r)	a kind of wheat	come
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	爾	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2817	7598
Phonetic component	爾	來
Rime group	歌	之
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	爾
Old Chinese	/*njelʔ/	/*m·rɯːɡ/
Notes	說文尒聲，甲金文象檷初文， 取林義光說

Adverb

爾來

1. (literary) since that time
   • 227, 諸葛亮, 前出師表 (Former Chu Shi Biao)‎^[1]:

     後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Hòu zhí qīngfù, shòurèn yú bàijūn zhī jì, fèngmìng yú wēinán zhī jiān, ěrlái èrshí yòu yī nián yǐ. [Pinyin]

     Later a defeat occurred, and I was appointed during this defeat, and received orders at this dangerous time. Since then, it has been one-and-twenty years.