User:Bezimenen/Slavic-Germanic grammatical parallels

Standard Average European features

See SAE (by B. Worf). NB: Not limited only to Slavic and Germanic.

Articles

▷ West Germanic: prepositional particle

○ Deutsch: definite der, die, das; indefinite ein, eine, ein

○ Franconian: definitive de, het; indefinite een

○ English: definite the; indefinite a/an

▷ Nordic Germanic: postpositional enclitic for definitive, prepositional particle for indefinite

○ Norse: definite -en, -a, -et; indefinite ein, ei, eit

▷ Balkan Slavic: postpositional enclitic, only for definitive purposes

Referential:

cataphoric *-vъ, *-va, *-vo

anaphoric *-jь, *-ja, *-jе (only with adjectives)

Demonstrative:

standard *-tъ, *-ta, *-to

remote *-nъ, *-na, *-no

direct *-sь, *-si, *-se

Modal particles

▷ Germanic: mal, doch, wohl, etc.

▷ Balkan Slavic: emphatic бе, де, же (be, de, že), assertive ба, да, га (ba, da, ga), etc.

Verbal grammar

Reflexive

Meaning	Slavic	Deutsch
to remember	Bulgarian спомням си (spomnjam si), сещам се (seštam se)	erinnern sich
to take a decision	Bulgarian решавам се (rešavam se)	entscheiden sich
to recover	Bulgarian оправям се (opravjam se), Czech zotavit se	erholen sich
to feel	Bulgarian чувствам се (čuvstvam se)	fühlen sich
to fall in love	Bulgarian влюбвам се (vljubvam se)	verlieben sich
to be located	Bulgarian намирам се (namiram se), Russian находиться (naxoditʹsja)	befinden sich

Copulative + dative

Meaning	Slavic	Deutsch
to appeal to s.o.	Bulgarian допадам (dopadam) + dat.	gefallen + dat.
to seem to s.o.	Bulgarian приличам (priličam) + dat.	erscheinen + dat.

Auxiliary formations

• Future:

▷ West Germanic

○ Deutsch: intentional werden, assertive sollen, conditional würden

○ Franconian: intentional gaan, assertive zullen

○ English: desiderative will, intentional be going to, assertive shall

▷ Balkan Slavic: desiderative ще (šte) ~ ќе (ḱe) (< *xъtěti); obs. anticipatory жда (žda) ~ жа (ža) (< *žьdati)

• Perfect / Imperfect:

▷ West Germanic

○ Deutsch: active haben; passive sein + infinitive / past participle

○ Franconian: active hebben; passive zijn (telic), worden (atelic) + past participle

○ English: active have; passive be + past participle

▷ Balkan Slavic: имам (imam) ~ има (ima) + n-participle; съм (sǎm) ~ е (e) + l-participle

Examples:

Deutsch: Jemand hat 10 Buchseiten gelesen.
Deutsch: Jemand hat einen langen Weg überquert.

Bulg: Имам прочетени 10 страници. ― Imam pročeteni 10 stranici.
Bulg: Имам провървяно голямо разстояние. ― Imam provǎrvjano goljamo razstojanie.