حرف

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See also: خرف‎, خرق‎, حرق‎, and خ ر ق‎

Arabic[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Verb I: IPA(key): /ħa.ra.fa/
  • Verb II: IPA(key): /ħar.ra.fa/
  • Noun 1, 2: IPA(key): /ħarf/,
    Audio:
    		(file)
  • Noun 3: IPA(key): /ħurf/

Etymology 1[edit]

From the root ح ر ف‎ (ḥ-r-f). Cognate to Aramaic חָרַף‎ (ḥarap, “to scrape, sharpen, to grind”), Classical Syriac ܚܪܰܦ‎ (ḥrap̄, “to blend, to scrape together”), Classical Syriac ܚܰܪܦܐ‎ (ḥarp̄a, “blade, sword”), Ge'ez ሐረፈ (ḥäräfä, “to crush, to grind, to tear off the top”).

Verb[edit]

حَرَفَ • (ḥarafa) I, non-past يَحْرِفُ‎‎ (yaḥrifu)

  1. to turn to the opposite side
  2. to trade, to do business
  3. to trim, to snip
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
حَرَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun حَرْف)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
حَرْف

ḥarf
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
ḥārif
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
maḥrūf
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥaraftu
ḥarafta
حَرَفَ

ḥarafa
ḥaraftumā
ḥarafā
ḥarafnā
ḥaraftum
ḥarafū
f
ḥarafti
ḥarafat
ḥarafatā
ḥaraftunna
ḥarafna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع 		m
ʾaḥrifu
taḥrifu
yaḥrifu
taḥrifāni
yaḥrifāni
naḥrifu
taḥrifūna
yaḥrifūna
f
taḥrifīna
taḥrifu
taḥrifāni
taḥrifna
yaḥrifna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʾaḥrifa
taḥrifa
yaḥrifa
taḥrifā
yaḥrifā
naḥrifa
taḥrifū
yaḥrifū
f
taḥrifī
taḥrifa
taḥrifā
taḥrifna
yaḥrifna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʾaḥrif
taḥrif
yaḥrif
taḥrifā
yaḥrifā
naḥrif
taḥrifū
yaḥrifū
f
taḥrifī
taḥrif
taḥrifā
taḥrifna
yaḥrifna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m
iḥrif
iḥrifā
iḥrifū
f
iḥrifī
iḥrifna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥuriftu
ḥurifta
حُرِفَ

ḥurifa
ḥuriftumā
ḥurifā
ḥurifnā
ḥuriftum
ḥurifū
f
ḥurifti
ḥurifat
ḥurifatā
ḥuriftunna
ḥurifna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع 		m
ʾuḥrafu
tuḥrafu
yuḥrafu
tuḥrafāni
yuḥrafāni
nuḥrafu
tuḥrafūna
yuḥrafūna
f
tuḥrafīna
tuḥrafu
tuḥrafāni
tuḥrafna
yuḥrafna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʾuḥrafa
tuḥrafa
yuḥrafa
tuḥrafā
yuḥrafā
nuḥrafa
tuḥrafū
yuḥrafū
f
tuḥrafī
tuḥrafa
tuḥrafā
tuḥrafna
yuḥrafna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʾuḥraf
tuḥraf
yuḥraf
tuḥrafā
yuḥrafā
nuḥraf
tuḥrafū
yuḥrafū
f
tuḥrafī
tuḥraf
tuḥrafā
tuḥrafna
yuḥrafna

Verb[edit]

حَرَّفَ • (ḥarrafa) II, non-past يُحَرِّفُ‎‎ (yuḥarrifu)

  1. to slant, to incline
  2. to bend down, up, or back, to turn down, up, or back
  3. to deflect
  4. to distort, to corrupt, to falsify, to misconstrue, to pervert, to twist
    • 7th century C.E., Jamīʿ at-Tirmiḏiyy, 47:
      ‏فَمَا جَاءُوا بِهِ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ فَهُوَ حَقٌّ وَلَكِنَّهُمْ يُحَرِّفُونَ وَيَزِيدُونَ‎
      famā jāʾū bihi ʿalā wajhihi fahuwa ḥaqqun walakinnahum yuḥarrifūna wayazīdūna
      Whatever they came with is right, as it is – however they distort and augment.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
حَرَّفَ
(form-II sound)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
taḥrīf
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
muḥarrif
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
muḥarraf
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥarraftu
ḥarrafta
حَرَّفَ

ḥarrafa
ḥarraftumā
ḥarrafā
ḥarrafnā
ḥarraftum
ḥarrafū
f
ḥarrafti
ḥarrafat
ḥarrafatā
ḥarraftunna
ḥarrafna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع 		m
ʾuḥarrifu
tuḥarrifu
yuḥarrifu
tuḥarrifāni
yuḥarrifāni
nuḥarrifu
tuḥarrifūna
yuḥarrifūna
f
tuḥarrifīna
tuḥarrifu
tuḥarrifāni
tuḥarrifna
yuḥarrifna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʾuḥarrifa
tuḥarrifa
yuḥarrifa
tuḥarrifā
yuḥarrifā
nuḥarrifa
tuḥarrifū
yuḥarrifū
f
tuḥarrifī
tuḥarrifa
tuḥarrifā
tuḥarrifna
yuḥarrifna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʾuḥarrif
tuḥarrif
yuḥarrif
tuḥarrifā
yuḥarrifā
nuḥarrif
tuḥarrifū
yuḥarrifū
f
tuḥarrifī
tuḥarrif
tuḥarrifā
tuḥarrifna
yuḥarrifna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m
حَرِّفْ

ḥarrif
ḥarrifā
ḥarrifū
f
ḥarrifī
ḥarrifna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥurriftu
ḥurrifta
حُرِّفَ

ḥurrifa
ḥurriftumā
ḥurrifā
ḥurrifnā
ḥurriftum
ḥurrifū
f
ḥurrifti
ḥurrifat
ḥurrifatā
ḥurriftunna
ḥurrifna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع 		m
ʾuḥarrafu
tuḥarrafu
yuḥarrafu
tuḥarrafāni
yuḥarrafāni
nuḥarrafu
tuḥarrafūna
yuḥarrafūna
f
tuḥarrafīna
tuḥarrafu
tuḥarrafāni
tuḥarrafna
yuḥarrafna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʾuḥarrafa
tuḥarrafa
yuḥarrafa
tuḥarrafā
yuḥarrafā
nuḥarrafa
tuḥarrafū
yuḥarrafū
f
tuḥarrafī
tuḥarrafa
tuḥarrafā
tuḥarrafna
yuḥarrafna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʾuḥarraf
tuḥarraf
yuḥarraf
tuḥarrafā
yuḥarrafā
nuḥarraf
tuḥarrafū
yuḥarrafū
f
tuḥarrafī
tuḥarraf
tuḥarrafā
tuḥarrafna
yuḥarrafna

Etymology 2[edit]

From the root ح ر ف‎ (ḥ-r-f). The meaning “word” is a semantic loan from Medieval Latin terminus, spawned in the environment of philosophy text translation (see Praetorius 1909).

Noun[edit]

حَرْف • (ḥarf) m (plural حُرُوف‎ (ḥurūf) or أَحْرُف‎ (ʾaḥruf))

  1. verbal noun of حَرَفَ (ḥarafa) (form I)
  2. letter (of the alphabet), piece of type
    ‏حَرْفًا بِحَرْفٍ‎ ― ḥarfan bi-ḥarfin ― word for word
  3. consonant
  4. (grammar) particle
  5. (obsolete) word
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حَرْف (ḥarf)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَرْف
ḥarf 		الْحَرْف‎
al-ḥarf 		حَرْف
ḥarf
Nominative حَرْفٌ
ḥarfun 		الْحَرْفُ‎
al-ḥarfu 		حَرْفُ
ḥarfu
Accusative حَرْفًا‎
ḥarfan 		الْحَرْفَ‎
al-ḥarfa 		حَرْفَ
ḥarfa
Genitive حَرْفٍ
ḥarfin 		الْحَرْفِ‎
al-ḥarfi 		حَرْفِ
ḥarfi
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَرْفَيْن‎
ḥarfayn 		الْحَرْفَيْن‎
al-ḥarfayn 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Nominative حَرْفَانِ‎
ḥarfāni 		الْحَرْفَانِ‎
al-ḥarfāni 		حَرْفَا‎
ḥarfā
Accusative حَرْفَيْنِ‎
ḥarfayni 		الْحَرْفَيْنِ‎
al-ḥarfayni 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Genitive حَرْفَيْنِ‎
ḥarfayni 		الْحَرْفَيْنِ‎
al-ḥarfayni 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Plural basic broken plural triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حُرُوف‎‎; أَحْرُف‎
ḥurūf‎; ʾaḥruf 		الْحُرُوف‎‎; الْأَحْرُف‎
al-ḥurūf‎; al-ʾaḥruf 		حُرُوف‎‎; أَحْرُف‎
ḥurūf‎; ʾaḥruf
Nominative حُرُوفٌ‎‎; أَحْرُفٌ‎
ḥurūfun‎; ʾaḥrufun 		الْحُرُوفُ‎‎; الْأَحْرُفُ‎
al-ḥurūfu‎; al-ʾaḥrufu 		حُرُوفُ‎‎; أَحْرُفُ‎
ḥurūfu‎; ʾaḥrufu
Accusative حُرُوفًا‎‎; أَحْرُفًا‎
ḥurūfan‎; ʾaḥrufan 		الْحُرُوفَ‎‎; الْأَحْرُفَ‎
al-ḥurūfa‎; al-ʾaḥrufa 		حُرُوفَ‎‎; أَحْرُفَ‎
ḥurūfa‎; ʾaḥrufa
Genitive حُرُوفٍ‎‎; أَحْرُفٍ‎
ḥurūfin‎; ʾaḥrufin 		الْحُرُوفِ‎‎; الْأَحْرُفِ‎
al-ḥurūfi‎; al-ʾaḥrufi 		حُرُوفِ‎‎; أَحْرُفِ‎
ḥurūfi‎; ʾaḥrufi
Related terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Gulf Arabic: حرف‎ (ḥarf)
  • → Azerbaijani: hərf
  • → Bashkir: хәреф (xäref)
  • → Persian: حرف‎ (harf)
  • → Kabardian: хьэрыф (ḥărəf)
  • → Kyrgyz: арип (arip)
  • → Malay: huruf
    → Indonesian: huruf
  • → Turkmen: harp
  • Urdu: حرف‎ (???)
  • → Uzbek: harf

Etymology 3[edit]

From the root ح ر ف‎ (ḥ-r-f).

Noun[edit]

حَرْف • (ḥarf) m (plural حِرَف (ḥiraf))

  1. cutting edge, sharp edge
  2. border, brink, edge, rim
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حَرْف (ḥarf)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَرْف
ḥarf 		الْحَرْف‎
al-ḥarf 		حَرْف
ḥarf
Nominative حَرْفٌ
ḥarfun 		الْحَرْفُ‎
al-ḥarfu 		حَرْفُ
ḥarfu
Accusative حَرْفًا‎
ḥarfan 		الْحَرْفَ‎
al-ḥarfa 		حَرْفَ
ḥarfa
Genitive حَرْفٍ
ḥarfin 		الْحَرْفِ‎
al-ḥarfi 		حَرْفِ
ḥarfi
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَرْفَيْن‎
ḥarfayn 		الْحَرْفَيْن‎
al-ḥarfayn 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Nominative حَرْفَانِ‎
ḥarfāni 		الْحَرْفَانِ‎
al-ḥarfāni 		حَرْفَا‎
ḥarfā
Accusative حَرْفَيْنِ‎
ḥarfayni 		الْحَرْفَيْنِ‎
al-ḥarfayni 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Genitive حَرْفَيْنِ‎
ḥarfayni 		الْحَرْفَيْنِ‎
al-ḥarfayni 		حَرْفَيْ‎
ḥarfay
Plural basic broken plural triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حِرَف
ḥiraf 		الْحِرَف‎
al-ḥiraf 		حِرَف
ḥiraf
Nominative حِرَفٌ
ḥirafun 		الْحِرَفُ‎
al-ḥirafu 		حِرَفُ
ḥirafu
Accusative حِرَفًا‎
ḥirafan 		الْحِرَفَ‎
al-ḥirafa 		حِرَفَ
ḥirafa
Genitive حِرَفٍ
ḥirafin 		الْحِرَفِ‎
al-ḥirafi 		حِرَفِ
ḥirafi

Etymology 4[edit]

See the etymology of the main entry.

Noun[edit]

حِرَف • (ḥiraf) pl

  1. plural of حَرْف (ḥarf)
  2. plural of حِرْفَة‎ (ḥirfa)

Etymology 5[edit]

Arabic Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ar

Derived from Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܦܐ‎ (ḥurpā, “undesirable produce”), ultimately from Akkadian 𒄷𒌨𒁍 (ḫurpu, “crop collected early, unripe produce”), hence the meaning of bitter or unpleasant tasting plants; for more see خ ر ف‎ (ḵ-r-f).

Noun[edit]

حُرْف • (ḥurf) m

  1. cress (Lepidium sativum, a garden vegetable)
  2. bitter-cress (Cardamine, some of which are eatable, some of medicinal use)
  3. water-cress (Nasturtium officinale, eatable and of medicinal use)
    • 1025, ابن سينا (Avicenna), القانون في الطب‎ [Canon Medicinae], Rome: Stamperia Orientale Medicea, published 1593, Liber 2, page 173:
      ‏قال ديسقويدس أجود ما رأينا من شجرة الحرف ما يكون بأرض بابل، وقوته شبيهة بقوة الخردل وبزر الفجل، وقيل الخردل وبزر الجرجير المجتمعين، وورقه ينقص في أفعاله عنه لرطوبته فإذا يبس قارب مشاكلته وكاد يلحقه‏‏. […] الأفعال والخواص‏:‏ مسخن محلل منضج مع تليين ينشف قيح الجرب‏.‏‎
      Dioscurides said that the best what we have seen of the water-cress is the one on the earth of Babel, and its power is similar to that of the mustard and the seeds of the radish, and, it is said, mustard and rocket seeds can be blended with it, but its leaves fall behind the whole of the plant in their effects by reason of their moisture, but when dried, they are similar to it and almost catch up with it. […] Its properties: It is heatening, laxative, maturative with some laxivity and absorbs the pus in the scab.
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حُرْف (ḥurf)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حُرْف
ḥurf 		الْحُرْف‎
al-ḥurf 		حُرْف
ḥurf
Nominative حُرْفٌ
ḥurfun 		الْحُرْفُ‎
al-ḥurfu 		حُرْفُ
ḥurfu
Accusative حُرْفًا‎
ḥurfan 		الْحُرْفَ‎
al-ḥurfa 		حُرْفَ
ḥurfa
Genitive حُرْفٍ
ḥurfin 		الْحُرْفِ‎
al-ḥurfi 		حُرْفِ
ḥurfi

References[edit]

  • “ḥrp”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Freytag, Georg (1830) , “حرف”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 367–368
  • Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) , “حرف”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, pages 410–411
  • Praetorius, Franz (1909) , “Ḥarfun = Terminus”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎[1], volume 63, pages 504–505

Persian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Arabic حَرْف‎ (ḥarf).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Dari Persian حرف
Iranian Persian
Tajik ҳарф (harf)

حرف • (harf) (plural حرف‌ها‎ (harf-hâ) or حروف‎ (horuf))

  1. letter
    • c. 1250, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, دیوان شمس [Divān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī]:
      ‏ز حرف عین چشم او ز ظرف جیم گوش او‎
      ze harf-e 'eyn čašm-e u ze zarf-e jim guš-e u
      Her eye, from the letter of ʿayn [the Arabic letter ع‎, connective عـ]; her ear, from the vessel of jīm [the Arabic letter ج‎]
  2. speech, talk
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Arabic حِرَف‎ (ḥiraf).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

حرف • (heraf)

  1. (archaic) plural of حرفه‎
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