दण्ड
Sanskrit
Etymology
Could be a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), whence दारु (dā́ru) and दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek δένδρον (déndron, “tree”).
However, Kuiper argues for a substratum loanword from Para-Munda; compare Mundari dāṇḍi (“small stick”), Santali daṇṭa (“thick stick, club”), daṇṭiṭit (“stem of mushrooms”), daṇḍi (“stick, staff, stalk”). Likewise, Southworth suggests a Dravidian substratum, from Proto-Dravidian *taṇṭa (“stick, club”).
Pronunciation
Noun
दण्ड • (daṇḍá) stem, m
- stick, staff, rod, pole, cudgel, club
- staff given at investiture with the sacred thread
- penis (with वैतस (vaitasá)
- trunk » शुण्डादण्ड (śuṇḍā-daṇḍa)
- "arm" or "leg" » दोर्दण्ड (dor-daṇḍa), बाहुदण्ड (bāhu-daṇḍa)
- "tusk" » दंष्ट्रादण्ड (daṃṣṭrā-daṇḍa)
- penis
- a stalk, stem (of a tree; compare इक्षुदण्ड (ikṣu-daṇḍa), उद्दण्ड (ud-daṇḍa), खरदण्ड (khara-daṇḍa))
- the staff of a banner
- the handle (of a ladle, sauce-pan, fly-flap, parasol etc.)
- the steam of a plough
- "a mast" » महादण्डधर (mahādaṇḍa-dhara)
- the crossbar of a lute which holds the strings
- the stick with which a lute is played
- a churning-stick (compare दण्डाहत (daṇḍā*hata))
- a pole as a measure of length (= 4 hastas)
- name of a measure of time (= 60 विकला (vi-kalā)s)
- name of a staff-like appearance in the sky ("Name of a planet" L.; compare दण्डभास (daṇḍa-bhāsa))
- name of a constellation
- a form of military array (compare दण्डव्युह (daṇḍa-vyuha))
- line
- staff or sceptre as a symbol of power and sovereignty, application of power, violence
- power over (genitive or in compound), control, restraint (compare वाग्दण्ड (vāg-daṇḍa), मनोदण्ड (mano-daṇḍa), कायदण्ड (kāya-daṇḍa) [कर्मदण्ड (karma-daṇḍa)]; त्रिदण्डिन् (tri-daṇḍin))
- the rod as a symbol of judicial authority and punishment, punishment (corporal, verbal, and fiscal; chastisement and imprisonment, reprimand, fine)
- pride
- horse
- Punishment (son of Dharma and Kriyā)
- Yama
- Shiva
- name of an attendant of the Sun
- (g. शिवादि (śivā*di) and शौनकादि (śaunakā*di)) name of a man with the patronymic औपर (aupara)
- name of a prince slain by Arjuna (brother of दण्डधर (daṇḍa-dhara), identified with the asura क्रोधहन्तृ (krodha-hantṛ))
- name of a rakṣas
Declension
Masculine a-stem declension of दण्ड (daṇḍá) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | दण्डः daṇḍáḥ |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹ |
दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ daṇḍā́ḥ / daṇḍā́saḥ¹ |
Vocative | दण्ड dáṇḍa |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ dáṇḍau / dáṇḍā¹ |
दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ dáṇḍāḥ / dáṇḍāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | दण्डम् daṇḍám |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹ |
दण्डान् daṇḍā́n |
Instrumental | दण्डेन daṇḍéna |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डैः / दण्डेभिः¹ daṇḍaíḥ / daṇḍébhiḥ¹ |
Dative | दण्डाय daṇḍā́ya |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ |
Ablative | दण्डात् daṇḍā́t |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ |
Genitive | दण्डस्य daṇḍásya |
दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ |
दण्डानाम् daṇḍā́nām |
Locative | दण्डे daṇḍé |
दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ |
दण्डेषु daṇḍéṣu |
Notes |
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Derived terms
- दण्डक (daṇḍaka)
- दण्डन (daṇḍana)
- दण्डनीति (daṇḍanīti)
- दण्डयात्रा (daṇḍayātrā)
Descendants
- Assamese: ডাঁৰ (dãr)
- → Assamese: দণ্ড (dondo)
- → Bengali: দণ্ড (donḍo)
- → Burmese: ဒဏ် (dan)
- → Hindi: दंड (daṇḍ)
- → Indonesian: denda
- → Khmer: ទណ្ឌ (tŏən)
- → Lao: ທັນ (than)
- → Malay: denda
- Pali: daṇḍa
- → Telugu: దండము (daṇḍamu)
- → Thai: ทัณฑ์ (than)
- → Urdu: دنڈ
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “दण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0466.
- Witzel, Michael (1999) “Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], archived from the original on 6 February 2012, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 5 (1).