塹

See also: 堑

Translingual

Han character

塹 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十中土 (JLG), four-corner 5210₄, composition ⿱斬土)

1. moat, trench, pit, cavity

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 237, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5394
• Dae Jaweon: page 475, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 478, character 8
• Unihan data for U+5879

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Chinese

trad.		塹
simp.		堑

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (斬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
慚	*zaːm
慙	*zaːm
鏨	*zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ
槧	*zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ
暫	*zaːms
蹔	*zaːms
斬	*ʔsreːmʔ
獑	*zeːm, *zaːm
嶃	*zreːmʔ, *zaːm
覱	*ʔsraːms
摲	*sʰraːms
漸	*ʔsam, *zamʔ
塹	*sʰams
壍	*sʰams
嬱	*sʰams
螹	*zam, *zamʔ
蔪	*zamʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰams) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ, “earth”) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiàn (qian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cim³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
    • Wade–Giles: chʻien⁴
    • Yale: chyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
    • Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cim³
    • Yale: chim
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsim³
    • Guangdong Romanization: qim³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiːm³³/

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• Middle Chinese: tshjemH

Rime
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七豔切
Baxter	tshjemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiᴇmH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiɛmH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰjæmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiamH/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiɛmH/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭɛmH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯ɛmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cim3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]am-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjemH ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]am-s/
English	moat; dig out
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
No.	16806
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	壍
Old Chinese	/*sʰams/
Notes	同壍出説文

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 塹

1. A deep pit or trench, especially a city moat
2. A natural barrier
3. A rift valley

References

• "塹" at 《教育百科》, ROC Ministry of Education

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Japanese

Kanji

塹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: せん (sen)
• Kan-on: せん (sen)
• Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
• Kun: ほり (hori)

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Korean

Hanja

塹 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 塹 (khiếm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation