涙

See also: 淚

涙	U+6D99, 涙 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D99

← 涘
[U+6D98]

CJK Unified Ideographs

涚 →
[U+6D9A]

Translingual

Traditional	淚
Shinjitai	涙
Simplified	泪

Han character

涙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 水戈尸大 (EISK) or 水一尸大 (EMSK), four-corner 3318₄, composition ⿰氵戻)

Related characters

淚 (Traditional Chinese and kyūjitai form)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 627, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17573
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): not present, would follow volume 3, page 1634, character 6
Unihan data for U+6D99

Chinese

For pronunciation and definitions of 涙 – see 淚 (“tear; teardrop; to weep; to cry”). (This character is a variant form of 淚).

Japanese

Shinjitai	涙
Kyūjitai	淚

Kanji

涙

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 淚)

tears

Readings

Go-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)^{←るい (rui, historical)}^{←るゐ (ruwi, ancient)}
Kan-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)^{←るい (rui, historical)}^{←るゐ (ruwi, ancient)}
Tō-on: れい (rei)
Kun: なみだ (namida, 涙, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
涙
なみだ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
淚 (kyūjitai) 泪涕

From Old Japanese. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *namita.

Attested in the Nihon Shoki with the man'yōgana spelling 那(な)瀰(み)多(た) (namita). The Kojiki and Man'yōshū have 那(な)美(み)多(た) (namita),^[1] and the Man'yōshū also has later instances where the 多(た) (ta) was replaced with 太(だ) (da), forming 奈(な)美(み)太(だ) (namida),^[2] indicating a phonetic change over time from namita to namida.

Ultimate derivation unknown. There are interesting phonetic and semantic similarities with Thai น้ำตา (nám-dtaa, “tear”, literally “water + eye”), overlapping semantically with Korean 눈물 (nunmul, “tear”, literally “eye + water”), perhaps pointing to an ancient prehistoric borrowing. Alexander Vovin lists it among "naturalized loanwords from Korean".^[3] However, such similarities may also be purely accidental.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na̠mʲida̠]
(Tokyo) なみだ [náꜜmìdà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[4]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 涙する

Plain	涙する	なみだ・する	`[náꜜmìdà sùrú]`
Conjunctive	涙して	なみだ・して	`[náꜜmìdà shìté]`
Perfective	涙した	なみだ・した	`[náꜜmìdà shìtá]`
Negative	涙しない	なみだ・しない	`[náꜜmìdà shìnáí]`
Negative perfective	涙しなかった	なみだ・しなかった	`[náꜜmìdà shìnáꜜkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	涙すれば	なみだ・すれば	`[náꜜmìdà sùréꜜbà]`
Past conditional	涙したら	なみだ・したら	`[náꜜmìdà shìtáꜜrà]`
Imperative	涙しろ涙せよ	なみだ・しろなみだ・せよ	`[náꜜmìdà shìró]` `[náꜜmìdà séꜜyò]`
Volitional	涙しよう	なみだ・しよー	`[náꜜmìdà shìyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	涙したい	なみだ・したい	`[náꜜmìdà shìtáí]`
Formal	涙します	なみだ・します	`[náꜜmìdà shìmáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	涙しません	なみだ・しません	`[náꜜmìdà shìmáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	涙しましょう	なみだ・しましょー	`[náꜜmìdà shìmáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	涙しました	なみだ・しました	`[náꜜmìdà shìmáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	涙し涙しに	なみだ・しなみだ・しに	`[náꜜmìdà shì]` `[náꜜmìdà shì ní]`
Negative continuative	涙せず涙せずに	なみだ・せずなみだ・せずに	`[náꜜmìdà séꜜzù]` `[náꜜmìdà séꜜzù nì]`
Passive	涙される	なみだ・される	`[náꜜmìdà sàrérú]`
Causative	涙させる涙さす	なみだ・させるなみだ・さす	`[náꜜmìdà sàsérú]` `[náꜜmìdà sàsú]`
Potential	涙できる	なみだ・できる	`[náꜜmìdà dèkíꜜrù]`

Noun

涙(なみだ) • (namida)

tear, teardrop

Verb

涙(なみだ)する • (namida suru) suru (stem 涙(なみだ)し (namida shi), past 涙(なみだ)した (namida shita))

to cry, to weep

Conjugation

Conjugation of "涙する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	涙し	なみだし	namida shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	涙し	なみだし	namida shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	涙する	なみだする	namida suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	涙する	なみだする	namida suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	涙すれ	なみだすれ	namida sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	涙せよ¹ 涙しろ²	なみだせよ¹ なみだしろ²	namida seyo¹ namida shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	涙される	なみだされる	namida sareru
Causative	涙させる涙さす	なみださせるなみださす	namida saseru namida sasu
Potential	涙できる	なみだできる	namida dekiru
Volitional	涙しよう	なみだしよう	namida shiyō
Negative	涙しない	なみだしない	namida shinai
Negative continuative	涙せず	なみだせず	namida sezu
Formal	涙します	なみだします	namida shimasu
Perfective	涙した	なみだした	namida shita
Conjunctive	涙して	なみだして	namida shite
Hypothetical conditional	涙すれば	なみだすれば	namida sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
涙
なんだ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
淚 (kyūjitai)

/namida/ → /nanda/

Alteration of namida above.^[5]^[4]^[6]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nã̠nda̠]
(Tokyo) なんだ [náꜜǹdà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[4]

Noun

涙(なんだ) • (nanda) ^{←なむだ (namuda)^?}

tear, teardrop

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
涙
なだ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
淚 (kyūjitai)

Alteration of namida or nanda above. Used during the Edo period in the rough informal speech used by the staff and servants of samurai households, and others of lower social rank.^[5]^[4]^[6]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na̠da̠]
(Tokyo) なだ [náꜜdà] (Atamadaka – [1])

Noun

涙(なだ) • (nada)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) tear, teardrop

References

^
c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:
^
c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4398:
^ Vovin, Alexander (2020), chapter 3, in A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese‎^[1], revised, updated and enlarged 2nd edition, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →OCLC, section 2, page 65.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Translingual

Han character

Related characters

References

Chinese

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Verb

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

See also

References

Further reading