arrufar

Catalan

Alternative forms

• arrufir

Etymology

Uncertain.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ə.ruˈfa]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [a.ruˈfaɾ]
• IPA^(key): (Northwestern) [a.ruˈfa]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

Verb

arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufí, past participle arrufat)

1. (transitive) to wrinkle, to crinkle

   Synonym: arrugar

2. (pronominal) to stand on end, to bristle

Conjugation

    Central Catalan conjugation of arrufar (first conjugation)

infinitive			arrufar
gerund			arrufant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		arrufat		arrufada
		plural		arrufats		arrufades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	arrufo	arrufes	arrufa	arrufem	arrufeu	arrufen
	imperfect	arrufava	arrufaves	arrufava	arrufàvem	arrufàveu	arrufaven
	future	arrufaré	arrufaràs	arrufarà	arrufarem	arrufareu	arrufaran
	preterite	arrufí	arrufares	arrufà	arrufàrem	arrufàreu	arrufaren
	conditional	arrufaria	arrufaries	arrufaria	arrufaríem	arrufaríeu	arrufarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	arrufi	arrufis	arrufi	arrufem	arrufeu	arrufin
	imperfect	arrufés	arrufessis	arrufés	arruféssim	arruféssiu	arrufessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	arrufa	arrufi	arrufem	arrufeu	arrufin
	negative (no)	—	no arrufis	no arrufi	no arrufem	no arrufeu	no arrufin

Derived terms

• arruf
• arrufada
• arrufament
• arrufar el nas
• arrufat
• rufa

Further reading

• “arrufar”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Galician

Alternative forms

• rufar

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria) of uncertain origin. Cognate with Portuguese and Spanish arrufar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: a‧rru‧far

Verb

arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado)

1. to incite; to embolden
2. (pronominal) to get cocky

Conjugation

    Conjugation of arrufar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	arrufar
Personal	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufaren
Gerund
	arrufando
Past participle
Masculine	arrufado			arrufados
Feminine	arrufada			arrufadas
Indicative
Present	arrufo	arrufas	arrufa	arrufamos	arrufades	arrufan
Imperfect	arrufaba	arrufabas	arrufaba	arrufabamos	arrufabades	arrufaban
Preterite	arrufei	arrufaches	arrufou	arrufamos	arrufastes	arrufaron
Pluperfect	arrufara	arrufaras	arrufara	arrufaramos	arrufarades	arrufaran
Future	arrufarei	arrufarás	arrufará	arrufaremos	arrufaredes	arrufarán
Conditional	arrufaría	arrufarías	arrufaría	arrufariamos	arrufariades	arrufarían
Subjunctive
Present	arrufe	arrufes	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufedes	arrufen
Imperfect	arrufase	arrufases	arrufase	arrufásemos	arrufásedes	arrufasen
Future	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufaren
Imperative
Affirmative		arrufa	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufade	arrufen
Negative (non)		non arrufes	non arrufe	non arrufemos	non arrufedes	non arrufen

    Reintegrated conjugation of arrufar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	arrufar
Personal	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufarem
Gerund
	arrufando
Past participle
Masculine	arrufado			arrufados
Feminine	arrufada			arrufadas
Indicative
Present	arrufo	arrufas	arrufa	arrufamos	arrufades, arrufais	arrufam
Imperfect	arrufava	arrufavas	arrufava	arrufávamos	arrufávades, arrufáveis, arrufávais1	arrufavam
Preterite	arrufei	arrufaste, arrufache1	arrufou	arrufamos	arrufastes	arrufárom, arrufaram
Pluperfect	arrufara	arrufaras	arrufara	arrufáramos	arrufárades, arrufáreis, arrufárais1	arrufaram
Future	arrufarei	arrufarás	arrufará	arrufaremos	arrufaredes, arrufareis	arrufarám, arrufarão
Conditional	arrufaria	arrufarias	arrufaria	arrufaríamos	arrufaríades, arrufaríeis, arrufaríais1	arrufariam
Subjunctive
Present	arrufe	arrufes	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufedes, arrufeis	arrufem
Imperfect	arrufasse	arrufasses	arrufasse	arrufássemos	arrufássedes, arrufásseis	arrufassem
Future	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufarem
Imperative
Affirmative		arrufa	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufade, arrufai	arrufem
Negative (nom)		nom arrufes	nom arrufe	nom arrufemos	nom arrufedes, nom arrufeis	nom arrufem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• arrufado

Related terms

• rufo

References

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “arrufar”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, editor (2006–2013), “arrufar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, Ernesto X. González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “arrufar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “arrufar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• “arrufar”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “arrufar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Old Spanish

Etymology

Of uncertain origin. First attested circa 1250. Compare with Galician and Portuguese arrufar.

Verb

arrufar

1. (reflexive) to become vain or conceited
   • c. 1250, Bocados de oro, Spain:

     Quando tú andudieres en pro del reinado, más que otro tu igual, non te arrufes en tener que lo fazes mejor que él, ca menos valerá por ello.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese arrufar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria) of uncertain origin. Cognate with Spanish and Galician arrufar.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ʁ)/ [a.huˈfa(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ʁ)/ [a.huˈfa(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ɾ)/ [a.huˈfa(ɾ)]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ʁ)/ [a.χuˈfa(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /a.ʁuˈfa(ɻ)/ [a.huˈfa(ɻ)]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.ʁuˈfaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.ʁuˈfaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.ʁuˈfa.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: ar‧ru‧far

Verb

arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufei, past participle arrufado)

1. (transitive, reflexive) to anger (to become or cause someone to become angry)

   Synonyms: enraivecer, irritar, zangar, enervar

   Antonym: acalmar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of arrufar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	arrufar
Personal	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufarem
Gerund
	arrufando
Past participle
Masculine	arrufado			arrufados
Feminine	arrufada			arrufadas
Indicative
Present	arrufo	arrufas	arrufa	arrufamos	arrufais	arrufam
Imperfect	arrufava	arrufavas	arrufava	arrufávamos	arrufáveis	arrufavam
Preterite	arrufei	arrufaste	arrufou	arrufamos1, arrufámos2	arrufastes	arrufaram
Pluperfect	arrufara	arrufaras	arrufara	arrufáramos	arrufáreis	arrufaram
Future	arrufarei	arrufarás	arrufará	arrufaremos	arrufareis	arrufarão
Conditional	arrufaria	arrufarias	arrufaria	arrufaríamos	arrufaríeis	arrufariam
Subjunctive
Present	arrufe	arrufes	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufeis	arrufem
Imperfect	arrufasse	arrufasses	arrufasse	arrufássemos	arrufásseis	arrufassem
Future	arrufar	arrufares	arrufar	arrufarmos	arrufardes	arrufarem
Imperative
Affirmative		arrufa	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufai	arrufem
Negative (não)		não arrufes	não arrufe	não arrufemos	não arrufeis	não arrufem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Related terms

• arrufo

Further reading

• “arrufar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “arrufar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish arrufar, of uncertain origin. First attested c. 1250 in the sense "to become conceited".

Said originally to have been borrowed from a Germanic language, compare English ruffle or Icelandic hrufla. However, it is difficult for a word mostly attested in northern Europe to travel down all the way to Iberia, with the West Germanic examples possibly being borrowed from Romance languages as well. It could be derived from Latin rūfus (“red-haired”) as a derogatory term or from the custom of Roman prostitutes to dress themselves with blond wigs, or in another way, from Latin rūfula (“prostitute”) via Vulgar Latin *rūfulanus. Compare with Galician arrufar, Portuguese arrufar and Italian ruffiano.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aruˈfaɾ/ [a.ruˈfaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: a‧rru‧far

Verb

arrufar (first-person singular present arrufo, first-person singular preterite arrufé, past participle arrufado)

1. (transitive) to incite; to provoke
2. (ambitransitive) to build a sheer (curve of deck) in a ship
3. (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to become vain or conceited
4. (obsolete, pronominal, intransitive) to snarl; to growl

Conjugation

    Conjugation of arrufar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			arrufar
gerund			arrufando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		arrufado		arrufada
		plural		arrufados		arrufadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	arrufo	arrufastú arrufásvos	arrufa	arrufamos	arrufáis	arrufan
	imperfect	arrufaba	arrufabas	arrufaba	arrufábamos	arrufabais	arrufaban
	preterite	arrufé	arrufaste	arrufó	arrufamos	arrufasteis	arrufaron
	future	arrufaré	arrufarás	arrufará	arrufaremos	arrufaréis	arrufarán
	conditional	arrufaría	arrufarías	arrufaría	arrufaríamos	arrufaríais	arrufarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	arrufe	arrufestú arrufésvos2	arrufe	arrufemos	arruféis	arrufen
	imperfect (ra)	arrufara	arrufaras	arrufara	arrufáramos	arrufarais	arrufaran
	imperfect (se)	arrufase	arrufases	arrufase	arrufásemos	arrufaseis	arrufasen
	future1	arrufare	arrufares	arrufare	arrufáremos	arrufareis	arrufaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		arrufatú arrufávos	arrufe	arrufemos	arrufad	arrufen
	negative		no arrufes	no arrufe	no arrufemos	no arruféis	no arrufen

¹Rare; now chiefly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tuteo-form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of arrufar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive arrufar	dative	arrufarme	arrufarte	arrufarle, arrufarse	arrufarnos	arrufaros	arrufarles, arrufarse
	accusative	arrufarme	arrufarte	arrufarlo, arrufarla, arrufarse	arrufarnos	arrufaros	arrufarlos, arrufarlas, arrufarse
with gerund arrufando	dative	arrufándome	arrufándote	arrufándole, arrufándose	arrufándonos	arrufándoos	arrufándoles, arrufándose
	accusative	arrufándome	arrufándote	arrufándolo, arrufándola, arrufándose	arrufándonos	arrufándoos	arrufándolos, arrufándolas, arrufándose
with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative arrufa	dative	arrúfame	arrúfate	arrúfale	arrúfanos	not used	arrúfales
	accusative	arrúfame	arrúfate	arrúfalo, arrúfala	arrúfanos	not used	arrúfalos, arrúfalas
with informal second-person singular voseo imperative arrufá	dative	arrufame	arrufate	arrufale	arrufanos	not used	arrufales
	accusative	arrufame	arrufate	arrufalo, arrufala	arrufanos	not used	arrufalos, arrufalas
with formal second-person singular imperative arrufe	dative	arrúfeme	not used	arrúfele, arrúfese	arrúfenos	not used	arrúfeles
	accusative	arrúfeme	not used	arrúfelo, arrúfela, arrúfese	arrúfenos	not used	arrúfelos, arrúfelas
with first-person plural imperative arrufemos	dative	not used	arrufémoste	arrufémosle	arrufémonos	arrufémoos	arrufémosles
	accusative	not used	arrufémoste	arrufémoslo, arrufémosla	arrufémonos	arrufémoos	arrufémoslos, arrufémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative arrufad	dative	arrufadme	not used	arrufadle	arrufadnos	arrufaos	arrufadles
	accusative	arrufadme	not used	arrufadlo, arrufadla	arrufadnos	arrufaos	arrufadlos, arrufadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative arrufen	dative	arrúfenme	not used	arrúfenle	arrúfennos	not used	arrúfenles, arrúfense
	accusative	arrúfenme	not used	arrúfenlo, arrúfenla	arrúfennos	not used	arrúfenlos, arrúfenlas, arrúfense

Further reading

• “arrufar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025