bourgeois
English
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
Borrowed from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "UK" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/, /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/
Audio (UK) (file) - Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "US" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /bu(ɹ)ʒ.ˈwɑː/, /ˈbu(ɹ)ʒ.wɑː/, /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/
Audio (US) (file) Audio (AU) (file)
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois)
- Of or relating to the middle class, (often derogatory) their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.
- bourgeois opinion
- (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.
Synonyms
- (conventional, conservative): square
Derived terms
Translations
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Noun
bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois)
- (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class.
- (rare) An individual member of the middle class.
- (usually derogatory) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
- (history) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat.
Related terms
Translations
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Verb
bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised)
- (transitive) To make bourgeois.
Further reading
- "bourgeois" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 45.
Etymology 2
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle English burjois, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (“the French city”) + -ois (“forming adjectives”) but possibly from bourgeois above or from Jean de Bouregois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "UK" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /bəːˈdʒɔɪs/
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "US" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /bəɹˈdʒɔɪs/, enPR: bər-ʹjois
Noun
bourgeois (uncountable)
- (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.
Synonyms
- (Continental printing): galliard
Derived terms
Translations
Dutch
Etymology
Borrowed from French bourgeois.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n)
Related terms
French
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Indo-European *bʰrgʰ- (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language code; the value "LL." is not valid. See WT:LOL. intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués.
Synchronically analysable as bourg + -ois.
Pronunciation
Adjective
bourgeois (feminine bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises)
Derived terms
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, feminine bourgeoise)
- member of the middle class
- bourgeois
Synonyms
- bourge (slang)
Derived terms
Descendants
Further reading
- “bourgeois”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
German
Etymology
From French bourgeois, name for a wealthy class of French citizens in the late 18th century.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aː/, [bʊʁˈʒʋaː], [ˌbʊʁ.ʒuˈaː], [bʊɐ̯-] (standard; basic form)
- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʒu̯aːz-/ (standard; inflected forms)
- IPA(key): /bʊrˈʃu̯aː(s-)/ (often in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten)
Declension
Further reading
- “bourgeois” in Duden online
- English terms borrowed from French
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