bruma

See also: brumă and brumã

French

Verb

bruma

1. third-person singular past historic of brumer

Anagrams

• rumba

Icelandic

Etymology

From brum n (“bud”) +‎ -a (denominal suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈprʏːma]
• Rhymes: -ʏːma

Verb

bruma (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative brumaði, supine brumað)

1. (intransitive, botany) to bud

Conjugation

bruma – active voice (germynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að bruma
supine sagnbót		brumað
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		brumandi
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	bruma	brumaði		brumi	brumaði
	þú	brumar	brumaðir		brumir	brumaðir
	hann, hún, það	brumar	brumaði		brumi	brumaði
plural	við	brumum	brumuðum		brumum	brumuðum
	þið	brumið	brumuðuð		brumið	brumuðuð
	þeir, þær, þau	bruma	brumuðu		brumi	brumuðu
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	bruma (þú), brumaðu
plural	þið	brumið (þið), brumiði1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

brumast – mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að brumast
supine sagnbót		brumast
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		brumandist (rare; see appendix)
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	brumast	brumaðist		brumist	brumaðist
	þú	brumast	brumaðist		brumist	brumaðist
	hann, hún, það	brumast	brumaðist		brumist	brumaðist
plural	við	brumumst	brumuðumst		brumumst	brumuðumst
	þið	brumist	brumuðust		brumist	brumuðust
	þeir, þær, þau	brumast	brumuðust		brumist	brumuðust
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	brumast (þú), brumastu
plural	þið	brumist (þið), brumisti1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

brumaður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	brumaður	brumuð	brumað	brumaðir	brumaðar	brumuð
accusative (þolfall)	brumaðan	brumaða	brumað	brumaða	brumaðar	brumuð
dative (þágufall)	brumuðum	brumaðri	brumuðu	brumuðum	brumuðum	brumuðum
genitive (eignarfall)	brumaðs	brumaðrar	brumaðs	brumaðra	brumaðra	brumaðra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	brumaði	brumaða	brumaða	brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
accusative (þolfall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða	brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
dative (þágufall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða	brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
genitive (eignarfall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða	brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbru.ma/
• Rhymes: -uma
• Hyphenation: brù‧ma

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin brūma.

Noun

bruma f (plural brume)

1. (archaic, literary) the coldest period of winter; winter itself

   (by extension) December

2. mist, haze

Related terms

• brumaio
• brumale
• brumesta
• brumoso

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βρῶμα (brôma). Cf. Spanish broma.

Noun

bruma f (plural brume)

1. shipworm

Further reading

• “bruma1”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026
• “bruma2”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026

Anagrams

• rumba, umbra

Latin

Etymology

Doublet of brevissima (“shortest”), superlative form of brevis (“short”), without reformation of the superlative ending; parallel e.g. to extrēmus (see -issimus for more). The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈbruː.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈbruː.ma]

Noun

brūma f (genitive brūmae); first declension

1. the winter solstice
   • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 1.163:

     Brūma novī prīma est veterisque novissima sōlis.

     The winter solstice is the first day of the new sun, and the last of the old

2. (by extension) winter, winter cold

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	brūma	brūmae
genitive	brūmae	brūmārum
dative	brūmae	brūmīs
accusative	brūmam	brūmās
ablative	brūmā	brūmīs
vocative	brūma	brūmae

Derived terms

• brūmālis
• brūmāria
• brūmōsus (Late Latin)

Descendants

• Balkano-Romance:
  • Aromanian: brumã
  • Romanian: brumă
  • → Albanian: brymë
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: bruma
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: brume
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: broma
  • Old Occitan: bruma
    • Occitan: bruma
    • →? Old French: brume
      • French: brume
        • → English: brume
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: bruma
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: bruma
    • Galician: bruma
    • Portuguese: bruma
  • Spanish: bruma
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brūmārius (“wintry season”)
  • Balkano-Romance:
    • Aromanian: brumar
    • Romanian: brumar
    • → Albanian: brymës
  • Rhaeto-Romance:
    • Friulian: brumâr

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76
• “bruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “bruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "bruma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “bruma”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan bruma, from Latin bruma (“winter solstice, winter”). Cognate with French brume.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Béarn):

  (file)

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. (Gascony, Languedoc, Limousin, Vivaro-alpine) fog

Derived terms

• brumada
• brumatge
• brumèc
• brumèra
• brumor
• brumós

Dialectal variants

• broma (Gascon)

Synonyms

• nèbla (Languedoc, Provençal)
• tuba (Languedoc)
• braulhard (Limousin)
• fum (Limousin, Languedoc)

Portuguese

bruma

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *mreǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-us

Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰusder.

Proto-Italic *breɣʷis

Latin brevis

Latin brūma

Old Galician-Portuguese bruma

Portuguese bruma

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese bruma, from Latin brūma.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾũ.mɐ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾu.mɐ/

• Hyphenation: bru‧ma

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. mist (water or other liquid finely suspended in air)

   Synonyms: cerração, nevoeiro, névoa, neblina

Related terms

• brumaceiro
• brumal
• brumoso

Further reading

• “bruma”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “bruma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romanian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *mreǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-us

Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰusder.

Proto-Italic *breɣʷis

Latin brevis

Latin brūma

Romanian brumă

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Romanian -a

Romanian bruma

From brumă + -a.

Verb

a bruma (third-person singular present brumează, past participle brumat) 1st conjugation

1. (impersonal) to have frost form
2. to form frost, become covered in hoarfrost, rime

Conjugation

    conjugation of bruma (first conjugation, -ez- infix, third-person only)

infinitive			a bruma
gerund			brumând
past participle			brumat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	—	—	brumează	—	—	brumează
	imperfect	—	—	bruma	—	—	brumau
	simple perfect	—	—	brumă	—	—	brumară
	pluperfect	—	—	brumase	—	—	brumaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	—	—	să brumeze	—	—	să brumeze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		—			—
	negative		—			—

Spanish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *mreǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-us

Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰusder.

Proto-Italic *breɣʷis

Latin brevis

Latin brūma

Spanish bruma

Inherited from Latin brūma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɾuma/ [ˈbɾu.ma]
• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: bru‧ma

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. fog, mist, especially costal fog or haar
2. (archaic) winter

   Synonym: invierno

Derived terms

• abrumar

Further reading

• “bruma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025