κύριος

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See also: Κύριος

Ancient Greek

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Hellenic *kúrios, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (to swell, spread out, be strong, prevail).[1] By surface analysis, κῦρος (kûros, supremacy) +‎ -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix).

Cognate with κύω (kúō), Latin cumulus, cavus, Welsh cawr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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κῡ́ρῐος (kū́riosm (feminine κῡρῐ́ᾱ, neuter κῡ́ρῐον); first/second declension

  1. (of people) ruling, governing, having power
  2. (of things) decisive, critical, authorized, valid, legal, entitled
  3. (of times) fixed, set, appointed
  4. (of language) literal
  5. main, major, primary, principal

Declension

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Noun

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κῡ́ριος (kū́riosm (genitive κῡρίου); second declension

  1. (gen.) lord, master, guardian, ruler, owner
  2. (Koine, direct address) "Sir"
  3. (Septuagint, New Testament) God (i.e., the God of Israel)

Usage notes

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  1. In the Septuagint, κύριος is regularly used to translate יהוה (a.k.a. the Tetragrammaton), as well as אֲדׂנָי.[2]
  2. During the Koine period, the nominative became more regular for direct address (as opposed to just the vocative).[3]
  3. Patristic usage expanded the use of κύριος to address the Holy Spirit as well.[4]

Declension

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κύριος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 806-7
  2. ^ Johan Lust, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, rev. ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003).
  3. ^ M. A. Bailly, Dictionnaire Grec-Français, rev. ed. (2020), p. 1397; Johannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida, eds., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains, 2nd ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1989), §87.53; cf. Ceslas Spicq, Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, ed. & trans. James D. Ernest, 3 vols. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1994), 2:342ff. Regarding the increasing usage of the nom. for the voc. in Koine, see A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, 3rd. ed. (New York: George H. Doran Co.), p. 461 [§3.11.5(h)].
  4. ^ G. W. H. Lampe, ed., A Patristic Greek Lexicon (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 787-88.

Further reading

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Greek

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, who has power) (noun and adjective).

For the "mister (term of address)" sense, from Koine Greek Κύριος (Kúrios), and a semantic loan from French monsieur or Italian signore.

Compare Mariupol Greek ки́риос (kírios).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈci.ɾi.os/
  • Hyphenation: κύ‧ρι‧ος

Noun

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κύριος (kýriosm (plural κύριοι, feminine κυρία)

  1. mister (title conferred on an adult male)
  2. master (someone who has control over something or someone)
  3. sir (an address to any male)
    formal spelling: Κύριος (Kýrios)

Declension

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Synonyms

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See also

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Adjective

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κύριος (kýriosm (feminine κύρια, neuter κύριο)

  1. main, principal, most important
    κύριο άρθρο εφημερίδαςkýrio árthro efimerídasmain article of a newspaper

Declension

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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