ihr
German
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle High German ir, from Old High German ir, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language code; the value "gmw" is not valid. See WT:LOL. *jīz, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Cognate with Low German ji, jie, Yiddish איר (ir), Dutch jij, gij, je, English ye, Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs).
Pronoun
ihr pl
Inflection
singular | plural | singular and plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 2nd person polite/formal | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du -e2 |
er | sie -se2 |
es | wir | ihr | sie -se2 |
Sie Ihr3 |
genitive | meiner mein3 |
deiner dein3 |
seiner sein3 |
ihrer | seiner sein3 |
unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer Euer3 |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen Euch3 |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie -se2 |
es | uns | euch | sie -se2 |
Sie Euch3 |
1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters. 2enclitic, colloquial 3archaic
In older language the genitive is also written ewer and the accusative and dative sometimes ewch.
Usage notes
- This form is the plural of du, which is used chiefly towards people with whom one is privately acquainted (see there). One uses ihr towards a group of people if one would address every individual in that group with du. However, the plural ihr is somewhat less familiar than the singular du, meaning that it can sometimes be used in semi-formal situations where du towards an individual would not be appropriate. Learners should still, in any case of doubt, use Sie in order to be on the safe side.
- The form Ihr (capitalized in writing) was formerly the polite second-person form for both singular and plural (compare French vous and Early Modern English you) and was used instead of contemporary Sie. Such usage still survives dialectally in some areas, and is encountered in historical contexts (e.g. fiction taking place in the distant past), but is otherwise rarely heard in standard German.
- As with all personal pronouns, the genitive case is very rare. It is used only in literary and formal style as a genitive object with: verbs such as entbehren and gedenken; and certain adjectives.
- In the late 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, the genitive was also eurer instead of euer, e.g. ich erinnere mich eurer instead of ich erinnere mich euer.[1][2][3][4][5]
Etymology 2
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German iru, iro.
Pronoun
ihr
Etymology 3
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German ira.
Determiner
ihr
Inflection
Declension of ihr | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
nominative | ihr | ihre | ihr | ihre |
genitive | ihres | ihrer | ihres | ihrer |
dative | ihrem | ihrer | ihrem | ihren |
accusative | ihren | ihre | ihr | ihre |
Etymology 4
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German iro.
Determiner
ihr
Inflection
Declension of ihr | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
nominative | ihr | ihre | ihr | ihre |
genitive | ihres | ihrer | ihres | ihrer |
dative | ihrem | ihrer | ihrem | ihren |
accusative | ihren | ihre | ihr | ihre |
References
- ^ Karl Ferdinand Becker: Schulgrammatik der deutschen Sprache. Vierte neubearbeitete Ausgabe. Frankfurt am Main, 1839, p. 143.
- ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in Götz von Berlichingen: „Götz. Ich erinnere mich eurer nicht.“
- ^ Shakspeare, translated by Aug. Wilh. v. Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck, in Maaß für Maaß: „Herzog. Ich erinnere mich eurer, Herr, an dem Ton eurer Stimme[.]“
- ^ Konrad Duden: Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Sechste, verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Leipzig and Wien, 1900, p. 102: „euer (Genitiv von ihr); euer (nicht: eurer) sind drei; ich erinnere mich euer (nicht: eurer)“
- ^ Wahrig: Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Band 1: A–K. Bertelsmann Lexikon Institut, 2007, p. 529: „ich gedenke euer, ich erinnere mich euer (falsch: eurer)“
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