kaum

See also: kauṃ and Kaum

Cimbrian

Etymology

From Middle High German kūme, from Old High German kūmo, from Proto-Germanic *kūmaz, *kūmijaz (“weak, pitiful, frail”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”). Cognate with German kaum, also English comely.

Adverb

kaum (Sette Comuni)

1. barely, hardly
2. only, just, merely

   Ar is gabéest hia kaum hòite mòrgande.

   He was just here this morning.

Further reading

• “kaum” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974), Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Daga

Noun

kaum

1. water

References

• Kivung (journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea), volume 5 (1972), page 204

German

Etymology

From Middle High German kūme, from Old High German kūmo, from Proto-Germanic *kūmaz, *kūmijaz (“weak, pitiful, frail”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”). Cognate with English comely and archaic Dutch kuim (“barely”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaʊ̯m/, [kʰaʊ̯m]
• Rhymes: -aʊ̯m

• Audio (Austria):

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

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Adverb

kaum

1. barely, hardly (qualifying verbs or adjectives)

   Ich kann das kaum lesen. ― I can barely read this.

   Die Handschrift ist kaum lesbar. ― The handwriting is barely legible.

2. barely any, almost no (qualifying amounts)

   Wir haben kaum noch Geld. ― We barely have any money left.

3. difficult, nearly impossible [with zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do’]

   Das ist kaum zu glauben. ― That's difficult to believe.

4. as soon as, immediately after

   Kaum bin ich mit einer Sache fertig, da habe schon ich das nächste Problem am Hals.

   As soon as I finish dealing with one thing, I'll get stuck with the next problem.

Further reading

• “kaum” in Duden online
• “kaum” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• Friedrich Kluge (1883), “kaum”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• kaoem (1901–1947)

Etymology

From Malay kaum, from Classical Malay kaum, from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈkaum/ [ˈka.ʊm]
• Rhymes: -aum
• Syllabification: kaum

Noun

kaum (plural kaum-kaum)

1. people

   Synonym: suku bangsa

2. family, relative

   Synonyms: sanak, saudara, kerabat, keluarga

3. group, class

   Synonym: golongan

4. (archaic, Islam) mosque worker

   Synonyms: lebai, modin

5. (archaic) matrilineal descendant

Hyponyms

• kaum belok
• kaum bendoro
• kaum dagang
• kaum dahrian
• kaum eksekutif
• kaum ekstremis
• kaum halai balai
• kaum ibu
• kaum kolot
• kaum konfederasi
• kaum mapan
• kaum muda
• kaum non
• kaum pelangi
• kaum rendahan
• kaum revolusioner
• kaum unionis
• kaum urakan

Derived terms

• berkaum
• kauman
• perkauman

Further reading

• “kaum”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Javanese

Etymology

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Noun

kaum

1. group of people
2. religious officials in charge of the mosque

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Old High German kūmo. Cognate with German kaum, Dutch kuim.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kæːʊ̯m/
• Rhymes: -æːʊm

Adverb

kaum

1. hardly, barely

Malay

Etymology

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -um

Noun

kaum (Jawi spelling قوم, plural kaum-kaum or kaum²)

1. people, community

   Synonyms: masyarakat, warga

2. tribe, clan

   Synonyms: puak, suku

3. group of people with common traits, such as an ethnic group or race

   Synonyms: etnik, ras, suku

Further reading

• "kaum" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Plautdietsch

Adverb

kaum

1. barely

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma.

Noun

kaum

1. grave

Declension

Inflection of kaum (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	kaum
genitive sing.	kauman
partitive sing.	kaumad
partitive plur.	kaumoid
	singular	plural
nominative	kaum	kaumad
accusative	kauman	kaumad
genitive	kauman	kaumoiden
partitive	kaumad	kaumoid
essive-instructive	kauman	kaumoin
translative	kaumaks	kaumoikš
inessive	kaumas	kaumoiš
elative	kaumaspäi	kaumoišpäi
illative	kaumaha	kaumoihe
adessive	kaumal	kaumoil
ablative	kaumalpäi	kaumoilpäi
allative	kaumale	kaumoile
abessive	kaumata	kaumoita
comitative	kaumanke	kaumoidenke
prolative	kaumadme	kaumoidme
approximative I	kaumanno	kaumoidenno
approximative II	kaumannoks	kaumoidennoks
egressive	kaumannopäi	kaumoidennopäi
terminative I	kaumahasai	kaumoihesai
terminative II	kaumalesai	kaumoilesai
terminative III	kaumassai	—
additive I	kaumahapäi	kaumoihepäi
additive II	kaumalepäi	kaumoilepäi

White Hmong

White Hmong cardinal numbers

<  9	10	11  >
Cardinal : kaum

Etymology

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *gju̯ɛp (“ten”). Cognate with Iu Mien ziepc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kau̯˩̰/

Numeral

kaum

1. ten

References

• Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979), White Hmong — English Dictionary‎^[1], SEAP Publications, →ISBN.