twr

See also: tŵr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tuːr/
  • Conventional anglicization: tur

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to show respect to (people or statues of the dead), to treat reverently [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. (intransitive) to act respectful, to show respect (+ ḥr: to)
3. (transitive) to worship, to honor (a god)
4. (transitive, of a priest or son of the dead) to honor (the dead)
5. (transitive, of the king) to honor, to magnify, to bestow honors on (one’s officials)
6. (transitive) to hail, to greet respectfully
   • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 10–11:

     ḫp.n.j z ꜥḥꜥ(.w) m r(ꜣ)-wꜣt t(w)r.n.f wj snḏ(.j) n.f

     I crossed a man standing on the road and he saluted me, but I feared him.

7. (intransitive, with r) to keep one’s distance from or respect (someone’s possessions), to not violate (someone’s property) [21st Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural twr twrw, twr twrt twr twr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 twr ḥr twr m twr r twr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect twr.n twrw, twr consecutive twr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative twrt perfective3 twr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 twr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 twr twrr potentialis1 twr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive twr active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect twr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 twr twr, twrw5, twry5 imperfective twr, twry, twrw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 twr, twrj6, twry6 twr, twrw5 prospective twr, twrtj7 — twrtj4, twrt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

tr	trj	trj	twr	twrj
[Middle Kingdom literature]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

tr	tr	ṯr	tjwr
[since the New Kingdom]	[since the New Kingdom]	[18th Dynasty]	[21st Dynasty]
			only attested in the Instruction of Amenemope

By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to turn away, to reject (someone unwanted as a companion, something unwanted to drink, etc.) [Pyramid Texts and archaizing texts of the Middle and New Kingdoms]

Inflection

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural twr twrw, twr twrt twr twr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 twr ḥr twr m twr r twr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect twr.n twrw, twr consecutive twr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative twrt perfective3 twr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 twr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 twr twrr potentialis1 twr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive twr active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect twr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 twr twr, twrw5, twry5 imperfective twr, twry, twrw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 twr, twrj6, twry6 twr, twrw5 prospective twr, twrtj7 — twrtj4, twrt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

twr	twr	twr	twr	twr	twr	twr	ṯwr	twrj	trj
[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes occasionally omitted.

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to make (something sacred) ritually clean with water, natron, or incense; to cleanse, to purify (+ r: of (evil, pollution, etc.)) [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. (intransitive) to be(come) ritually pure or clean [since the Middle Kingdom]
3. (intransitive, of the sky) to be(come) clear (+ r: of (clouds))

Inflection

Conjugation of twr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: twr, geminated stem: twrr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural twr twrw, twr twrt twr twr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 twr ḥr twr m twr r twr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect twr.n twrw, twr consecutive twr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative twrt perfective3 twr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 twr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 twr twrr potentialis1 twr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive twr active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect twr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective twr active + .tj1, .tw2 twr twr, twrw5, twry5 imperfective twr, twry, twrw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 twr, twrj6, twry6 twr, twrw5 prospective twr, twrtj7 — twrtj4, twrt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

twrj	twrj	ṯwrj	tjwr	dwr	dwr	dwr
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Late Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable. The middle consonant w is generally not omitted.

Noun

 m

1. ritual purity or cleanliness [since the New Kingdom]

Noun

 m

1. cleaner-priest [Greco-Roman Period]
2. epithet of the king or the god Horus [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection

Declension of twr (masculine)

singular	twr
dual	twrwj
plural	twrw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

dwr

Noun

 m

1. a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of twr  

twrj	trj	twrj
	[Middle Kingdom literature]	[19th Dynasty]
		in hieratic

By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

Proper noun

 m

1. a body of water in the afterworld [Book of the Dead]

References

• “twr (lemma ID 854576)”, “twr (lemma ID 170380)”, “twr (lemma ID 170390)”, “twr (lemma ID 170320)”, and “twr (lemma ID 170400)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 252.3–252.5, 252.10–255.4, 318.1–318.8, 318.12–318.13
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 295, 300

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh twrr, from Proto-Brythonic *turr (Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr), from Latin turris (“tower”) (compare Old English torr (“a high rock, tower”)). Doublet of tŵr.

More at English tor and w:Tor (rock formation) § Etymology. Also compare Latin Taurini.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tʊr/
• Rhymes: -ʊr

Noun

twr m (plural tyrrau)

1. crowd, group
2. heap, pile

Derived terms

• tyrru

Mutation

Mutated forms of twr

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
twr	dwr	nhwr	thwr

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• A Book of Dartmoor (1900), p. 15
• Crossing's Guide to Dartmoor, 1912 Edition, 1965 Reprint (David & Charles, Newton Abbot)