فرمان

Old Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). Compare Old Punjabi ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu) and Old Gujarati फुरमाण (phuramāṇa).

Noun

فَرْمان (frman) m (Middle Hindi)

1. decree, order
   • 1564, حَسَن شَوقِی (hasan śauqī), مِعْراج اُلْعَاشِقِین (mi'rāj ul'āśiqīn), page 82:

     نِظامِیَاں کوں فَرْمان یُوں لیکھ توں
     جِیتے قاعِدے ہِندوی سِیکھ توں

     nz̤amyaṉ kvṉ frman yvṉ lykh tvṉ
     jyte qa'de hndvy sykh tvṉ

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

• Braj: फरमान (pharmān)
• Bundeli: फरमान (pharmān)
• Hindustani: farmān

  Hindi: फ़रमान

  Urdu: فَرْمان

• Kannauji: फरमान

Further reading

• “فرمان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian فرمان (farmân, “decree, order”)

Noun

فرمان • (ferman)

1. command, order

   Synonyms: امر (emr, emir), بیورق (buyuruk)

2. firman

Derived terms

• فرمانده (fermandıh, “sovereign”)
• فرمانرو (fermanrev, “domain”)
• فرمانلو (fermanlı, “provided of a firman”)
• فرماننامه (fermanname, “letter of commands”)

Descendants

• Turkish: ferman
• → Albanian: ferman
• → Armenian: ֆէրման (fērman), ֆա̈րմա̈ն (färmän)
• → English: firman
• → Hungarian: fermán
• → Romanian: firman

Further reading

click to expand

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “ferman”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1565
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962), “fermân”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[1] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 311
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “فرمان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 896
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Mandatum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 999
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “فرمان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 3507
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “ferman”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “فرمان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1379

Persian

Alternative forms

• فرمون (farmun) (colloquial)

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (plmʾn'), 𐫜𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (frmʾn /⁠framān⁠/, “order, command”), from Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎠 (framānā, “command”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pramaHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁nom, from *meh₁- (“to measure”).

Cognate with Gurani ھەرمانە (harmāna, “work”) and Iranian loanwords Old Armenian հրաման (hraman, “order, command, injunction”), Aramaic הַרְמָן (hrmnʾ, “order”). Cognate also with Sanskrit प्रमाण (pramāṇa, “authority, proof”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /far.ˈmaːn/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [fäɾ.mɔ́ːn]

 

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [fæɹ.mɒ́ːn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [fæɹ.mɒ́ːn]
  • (Tehrani) IPA^(key): [fæɹ.múːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [fäɾ.mɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading?	farmān
Dari reading?	farmān
Iranian reading?	farmân
Tajik reading?	farmon

Noun

فرمان • (farmân) (plural فرامین (farâmin), or فرمان‌ها)

Dari	فرمان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	фармон

1. command, order

   Synonym: دستور (dastur)

   1. (computing) command
2. decree, edict

   Synonym: حکم (hokm)

3. steering wheel (of a car)

Derived terms

• فرمان دادن (farmân dâdan)
• فرمانبر (farmânbar)
  • فرمانبری (farmânbari)
• فرمانبردار (farmânbardâr)
  • فرمانبرداری (farmânbardâri)
• فرماندار (farmândâr)
  • فرمانداری (farmândâri)
• فرمانده (farmândeh)
  • فرماندهی (farmândehi)
• فرمانروا (farmânravâ)
  • فرمانروایی (farmânravâyi)
• فرمان‌فرما (farmân-farmâ)

Related terms

• فرمودن (farmudan)

Descendants

• → Arabic: فَرْمَان (farmān)
• → Assamese: ফৰমান (phorman), ফৰ্মান (phorman)
• → Azerbaijani: fərman
• → Bashkir: фарман (farman)
• → Bengali: ফরমান (fôrman)
• → Old Gujarati: फुरमाण (phuramāṇa)
  • Gujarati: ફરમાન (pharmān), ફુરમાન (phurmān)
  • Marwari:

    Devanagari script: फरमांन (pharmā̃n), फरमांण (pharmā̃ṇ)

    Mahajani script: 𑅩𑅭𑅬𑅧𑅧 (phrmnn), 𑅩𑅭𑅬𑅧𑅢 (phrmnṇ)

• → Old Hindi: فَرْمان (frman)
  • Braj: फरमान (pharmān)
  • Bundeli: फरमान (pharmān)
  • Hindustani: farmān

    Hindi: फ़रमान

    Urdu: فَرْمان

  • Kannauji: फरमान
• → Indonesian: firman
• → Kannada: ಫರ್ಮಾನು (pharmānu)
• → Kumyk: пурман (purman)
• → Lezgi: фарман (farman)
• → Maithili: pharᵊmān

  Devanagari script: फरमान

  Tirhuta script: 𑒤𑒩𑒧𑒰𑒢

• → Malayalam: പരമാന് (paramāṉ)
• → Marathi: फर्मान (pharmān)
• → Ottoman Turkish: فرمان (ferman)
  • Turkish: ferman
  • → Albanian: ferman
  • → Armenian: ֆէրման (fērman), ֆա̈րմա̈ն (färmän)
  • → English: firman
  • → Hungarian: fermán
  • → Romanian: firman
• → Old Punjabi: ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu), ਫੁਰਮਾਨੁ (phuramānu)
  • Punjabi: farmān

    Gurmukhi script: ਫ਼ਰਮਾਨ

    Shahmukhi script: فَرْمان

  • Saraiki:

    Devanagari script: फ़रमान (farmān)

    Multani script: 𑊜𑊢𑊠𑊚 (phrmn /⁠farmān⁠/)

    Shahmukhi script: فَرْمان (farmān)

• → Russian: фирман (firman)
• → Sanskrit: फरमान (pharamāna)
• → Sindhi: farmānu

  Arabic script: فَرْمانُ

  Devanagari script: फ़र्मानु

  Khudabadi script: 𑋓𑋩𑋙𑋪𑋗𑋠𑋑𑋣

• → Tamil: பரமானா (paramāṉā)
• → Telugu: ఫర్మానా (pharmānā)

References

• Walter W[illiam] Skeat (1910), “فرمان”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new (4th) revised and enlarged edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Clarendon Press, published 1963, →OCLC.
• Klein, Dr. Ernest (1966-1967), “firman”, in A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary Of The English Language‎^[6], eighth impression, Amsterdam: Elsevier, published 2003, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 282, column 3.
• Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). First attested in c. 1600 as Old Punjabi ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu).

Noun

فَرْمان • (farmān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ਰਮਾਨ)

1. order, command, edict
2. (historical) firman (royal decree)

Declension

Declension of فرمان

	singular	plural
direct	فَرْمان (farmān)	فَرْمان (farmān)
oblique	فَرْمان (farmān)	فَرْماناں (farmānāṉ)
vocative	فَرْمانا (farmānā)	فَرْمانو (farmāno)
ablative	فَرْمانوں (farmānoṉ)	—
locative	فَرْماناں (farmānāṉ)	فَرْمانے (farmāne)
instrumental	فَرْمانِیں (farmānīṉ)	فَرْمانوں (farmānoṉ)

Further reading

• “ਫਰਮਾਨ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025
• Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002), “فرمان”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: عزیز پبلشرز [ʻazīz pabliśarz]

Urdu

فَرْمان (farmān, “royal mandate”)

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi فَرْمان (frman).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /fəɾ.mɑːn/
• Rhymes: -ɑːn
• Hyphenation: فَر‧مان

Noun

فَرْمان • (farmān) m (Hindi spelling फ़रमान)

1. a command (by any individual)
2. (historical) decree; mandate (especially a royal or an official one)

Declension

Declension of فرمان

	singular	plural
direct	فَرْمان (farmān)	فَرْمان (farmān)
oblique	فَرْمان (farmān)	فَرْمانوں (farmānõ)
vocative	فَرْمان (farmān)	فَرْمانو (farmāno)

Related terms

• فَرْمائِش (farmāiś, “request”)
• فَرْمانا (farmānā, “to state; command”)
• فَرْمان٘بَرْداری (farmāmbardārī, “obedience”)

Adjective

فَرْمان • (farmān) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling फ़रमान) (poetic)

1. obedient, servant

   مَیں قائِد کا فَرْمان۔ دِل سِینے میں قُرْآن

   ma͠i qāid kā farmān. dil sīne mẽ qur-ān

   I am servant of my leader, with the word of God lying against my heart; chest.

Further reading

• “فرمان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “فرمان”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “فرمان”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 453
• Fallon, S. W. (1879), “فرمان”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 870
• Platts, John T. (1884), “فرمان”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 779
• John Shakespear (1834), “فرمان”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 1258