प्रथम

Hindi

**Hindi numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	← 0	१ 1	2 → ^{[a], [b], [c]}	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā), प्रथम (pratham) Fractional: पूरा (pūrā)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

Pronunciation

(Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /pɾə.t̪ʰəm/, [pɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ̃m]

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham) (indeclinable)

first, foremost
Synonym: पहला (pahlā)
preeminent

Proper noun

प्रथम • (pratham) m

a male given name, Pratham, from Sanskrit

References

Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “प्रथम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 3172
Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “प्रथम”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 458
McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “प्रथम”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 660
Bahri, Hardev (1989), “प्रथम”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 409.

Maithili

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathama).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pɾətʰəm]

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, foremost
Synonym: पहिल (pahil)

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, prior, initial, chief, principal

Adverb

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, at first, in the first place

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “प्रथम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “प्रथम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

প্ৰথম (Assamese script)
ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (Balinese script)
প্রথম (Bengali script)
𑰢𑰿𑰨𑰞𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (Brahmi script)
ပြထမ (Burmese script)
પ્રથમ (Gujarati script)
ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌥𑌮 (Grantha script)
ꦥꦿꦡꦩ (Javanese script)
𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂟𑂧 (Kaithi script)
ಪ್ರಥಮ (Kannada script)
ប្រថម (Khmer script)
ປ຺ຣຖມ (Lao script)
പ്രഥമ (Malayalam script)
ᢒᡵᠠᡨᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘞𑘦 (Modi script)
ᢒᠷᠠᠲᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧂𑧠𑧈𑦾𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐠𑐩 (Newa script)
ପ୍ରଥମ (Odia script)
ꢦ꣄ꢬꢢꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆥𑇀𑆫𑆡𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖞𑖦 (Siddham script)
ප්‍රථම (Sinhalese script)
𑩰 𑪙𑩼𑩬𑩴 (Soyombo script)
𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚚𑚢 (Takri script)
ப்ரத²ம (Tamil script)
ప్రథమ (Telugu script)
ปฺรถม (Thai script)
པྲ་ཐ་མ (Tibetan script)
𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒟𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
𑨞𑩇𑨫𑨚𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratamás (“first, foremost”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-tm̥mós (“foremost”).^[1]^[2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma), Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (f-r-t-m-a /⁠fratama⁠/), Old Armenian փարթամ (pʻartʻam).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɾɐ.tʰɐ.mɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ.mɐ/

**Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)**
	10
	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (eka) Ordinal: प्रथम (prathama) Multiplier: एकधा (ekadhā) Distributive: एकशस् (ekaśas)

Adjective

प्र॒थ॒म • (prathamá) stem

foremost, first (in time or in a series or in rank)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.109.1:
  ते॑ऽवदन्प्रथमा ब्र॑ह्मकिल्बि॒षेऽकू॑पारः सलि॒लो मा॑त॒रिश्वा॑।
  वी॒ळुह॑रा॒स्तप॑ उ॒ग्रो म॑यो॒भूरापो॑ दे॒वीः प्र॑थम॒जा ऋ॒तेन॑॥
  tèʼvadanprathamā brahmakilbiṣéʼkūpāraḥ saliló mātaríśvā.
  vīḷúharāstápa ugró mayobhū́rā́po devī́ḥ prathamajā́ ṛténa.
  These first, the boundless Sea, and Matarisvan, fierce-glowing Fire, the Strong, the Bliss-bestower.
  And heavenly Floods, first-born by holy Order, exclaimed against the outrage on a Brahmin.
earliest, primary, original, prior, former
often translatable adverbially in the beginning of a compound; see especially प्रथमम् (prathamam), प्रथमात् (prathamāt)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प्र॒थ॒म
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्र॒थ॒मः (prathamáḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मौ (prathamáu) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्र॒थ॒माः (prathamā́ḥ) प्र॒थ॒मासः॑¹ (prathamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प्र॒थ॒मम् (prathamám)	प्र॒थ॒मौ (prathamáu) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्र॒थ॒मान् (prathamā́n)
instrumental	प्र॒थ॒मेन॑ (prathaména)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मैः (prathamáiḥ) प्र॒थ॒मेभिः॑¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्र॒थ॒माय॑ (prathamā́ya)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्र॒थ॒मात् (prathamā́t)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्र॒थ॒मस्य॑ (prathamásya)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒माना॑म् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मेषु॑ (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथ॑म (práthama)	प्रथ॑मौ (práthamau) प्रथ॑मा¹ (práthamā¹)	प्रथ॑माः (práthamāḥ) प्रथ॑मासः¹ (práthamāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of प्र॒थ॒मा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्र॒थ॒मा (prathamā́)	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒माः (prathamā́ḥ)
accusative	प्र॒थ॒माम् (prathamā́m)	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒माः (prathamā́ḥ)
instrumental	प्र॒थ॒मया॑ (prathamáyā) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒माभिः॑ (prathamā́bhiḥ)
dative	प्र॒थ॒मायै॑ (prathamā́yai)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्यः॑ (prathamā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	प्र॒थ॒मायाः॑ (prathamā́yāḥ) प्र॒थ॒मायै॑² (prathamā́yai²)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्यः॑ (prathamā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	प्र॒थ॒मायाः॑ (prathamā́yāḥ) प्र॒थ॒मायै॑² (prathamā́yai²)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒माना॑म् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्र॒थ॒माया॑म् (prathamā́yām)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मासु॑ (prathamā́su)
vocative	प्रथ॑मे (práthame)	प्रथ॑मे (práthame)	प्रथ॑माः (práthamāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of प्र॒थ॒म
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्र॒थ॒मम् (prathamám)	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒मानि॑ (prathamā́ni) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)
accusative	प्र॒थ॒मम् (prathamám)	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒मानि॑ (prathamā́ni) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)
instrumental	प्र॒थ॒मेन॑ (prathaména)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मैः (prathamáiḥ) प्र॒थ॒मेभिः॑¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्र॒थ॒माय॑ (prathamā́ya)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्र॒थ॒मात् (prathamā́t)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्र॒थ॒मस्य॑ (prathamásya)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒माना॑म् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मेषु॑ (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथ॑म (práthama)	प्रथ॑मे (práthame)	प्रथ॑मानि (práthamāni) प्रथ॑मा¹ (práthamā¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (*prathama)
- Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀣𑀫 (pathama), 𑀧𑀼𑀥𑀼𑀫 (pudhuma)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨠𐨨 (prathama), 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨨 (pratama)
Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑀞𑀫 (*paṭhama)
- Prakrit: 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀫 (puḍhama), 𑀧𑀠𑀼𑀫 (paḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀼𑀫 (puḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀟𑀫 (puḍama), 𑀧𑀟𑀫 (paḍama)
  - Sinhalese: පළමු (paḷamu)
  - Dhivehi: ފުރަތަމަ (furatama)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨜𐨹𐨨 (paḍ́ama)
Pali: paṭhama (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮 (*prathila), *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*prathilla) (reanalysis of प्रथम (prathama) as प्रथ (pratha) + -म (-ma) and replacement of -म (-ma) with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀇𑀮𑁆𑀮- (-illa-))
- Khasa Prakrit:
  - Nepali: पहिलो (pahilo)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Assamese: পহিলা (pohila)
  - Bengali: পহেলা (pohela), পয়লা (poẏla)
    - ⇒ Hajong: পুইলৗ
  - Bhojpuri: पहिला (pahilā)
  - Sylheti: ꠚꠂꠟꠣ (fóila)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Konkani: पयलें (paylẽ)
  - Marathi: पहिले (pahile)
- Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Punjabi: ਪਹਿਲਾ (pahilā)
  - Sindhi: پهريون (payrõ)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Old Gujarati: पहिलउं (pahilaüṃ)
    - Gujarati: પહેલું (pahelũ)
    - Saurashtra: ꢧꣀꢭꣁ (phailo)
    - Marwari: पहलौ (pahlau)
  - Hindi: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā)
→ Old Javanese: prathama
- Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
  - → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
- → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)

Noun

प्र॒थ॒म • (prathamá) stem, m

(grammar) (namely वर्ण (varṇa)) the first consonant of a वर्ग (varga), a surd unaspirate letter
(grammar) (namely पुरुष (puruṣa)) the first (in Western grammar terminology, the 3rd) person or its terminations
(namely स्वर (svara)) the first tone
(mathematics) the sum of the products divided by the difference between the squares of the cosine of the azimuth and the sine of the amplitude
the first tithi of each lunar fortnight

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प्र॒थ॒म
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्र॒थ॒मः (prathamáḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मौ (prathamáu) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्र॒थ॒माः (prathamā́ḥ) प्र॒थ॒मासः॑¹ (prathamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प्र॒थ॒मम् (prathamám)	प्र॒थ॒मौ (prathamáu) प्र॒थ॒मा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्र॒थ॒मान् (prathamā́n)
instrumental	प्र॒थ॒मेन॑ (prathaména)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मैः (prathamáiḥ) प्र॒थ॒मेभिः॑¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्र॒थ॒माय॑ (prathamā́ya)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्र॒थ॒मात् (prathamā́t)	प्र॒थ॒माभ्या॑म् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्र॒थ॒मेभ्यः॑ (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्र॒थ॒मस्य॑ (prathamásya)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒माना॑म् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्र॒थ॒मे (prathamé)	प्र॒थ॒मयोः॑ (prathamáyoḥ)	प्र॒थ॒मेषु॑ (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथ॑म (práthama)	प्रथ॑मौ (práthamau) प्रथ॑मा¹ (práthamā¹)	प्रथ॑माः (práthamāḥ) प्रथ॑मासः¹ (práthamāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Borrowed terms

→ Bengali: প্রথম (prothom)
→ Hindi: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Kannada: ಪ್ರಥಮ (prathama)
→ Maithili: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Malay: pertama
- Indonesian: pertama
→ Marathi: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Nepali: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Old Javanese: prathama
- Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
  - → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
- → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)
→ Punjabi: ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (prtham)
→ Sinhalese: ප්‍රථම (prathama)
→ Tamil: பிரதமம் (piratamam)
→ Telugu: ప్రథమము (prathamamu)
→ Thai: ประถม (bprà-tǒm)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “prathamá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 179
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “prathamá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 391

Hindi

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Proper noun

References

Maithili

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Marathi

Etymology

Adjective

Adverb

References

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Descendants

Noun

Declension

Borrowed terms

References

Further reading