एक

Hindi

Hindi numbers ^(edit)

		10
	[a], [b] ←  0	१ 1	2  →	10  →
Cardinal: एक (ek)     Ordinal: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā), प्रथम (pratham)     Fractional: पूरा (pūrā)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Hindi एक (eka)

▲

Sanskrit एक (eka)influ.

Hindi एक

Inherited from Old Hindi एक (eka), from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka). Reinforced by Sanskrit एक (eka).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /eːk/

• Audio (Delhi):

  (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek) (native script symbol १, Urdu spelling ایک) (cardinal)

1. one; 1

Adjective

एक • (ek) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling ایک)

1. sole, only
2. united

Article

एक • (ek) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling ایک)

1. indefinite article (used largely to mean "a certain", but can be used more generally to refer to a noun in its first mention in a conversation)

Derived terms

• एक न एक (ek na ek)
• एक-दूसरे (ek-dūsre)
• एकजुट (ekjuṭ)
• एकदम (ekdam)
• एकभाषी (ekbhāṣī)

Related terms

• इकट्ठा (ikaṭṭhā)

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “एक”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 668
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “एक”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 102
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “एक”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 141

Konkani

Konkani cardinal numbers

	एक	दोन  >
Cardinal : एक (ek)     Ordinal : पयलें (paylẽ)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Konkani एक

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Numeral

एक • (ek) (Latin script ek, Kannada script ಎಕ್)

1. one

Maithili

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Maithili एक

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [eːk]

Numeral

एक • (ek)

1. one

Marathi

Marathi numbers ^(edit)

		10
	←  0	१ 1	2  →	10  →
Cardinal: एक (ek)     Ordinal: पहिले (pahile)     Adverbial: एकदा (ekdā)     Collective: एकटा (ekṭā)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Marathi 𑘊𑘎 (eka)

Marathi एक

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ek/

• Audio:

  (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek)

1. one

Derived terms

• एकटा (ekṭā, “alone”)
• एकपेशीय (ekapeśīya, “unicellular”)
• एकी (ekī, “unity”)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “एक”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Nepali numbers ^(edit)

		10[a], [b]
	[a], [b] ←  0	१ 1	2  →	10  → [a], [b]
Cardinal: एक (ek)     Ordinal: पहिलो (pahilo), प्रथम (pratham)     Adverbial: एकचोटी (ekacoṭī), एकपटक (ekapaṭak)

Etymology

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ek]
• Phonetic Devanagari: एक्

Numeral

एक • (ek)

1. one

Old Hindi

Alternative forms

• इक (ika), हेक (heka)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Hindi एक

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Numeral

एक (eka)

1. one
   • c. 1500, Kabīr 77.1:

     एक जोति तैं सब उतपंना, कौंण वारंण कौंण सूदा

     eka joti taiṃ saba utapaṃnā, kauṃṇa vāraṃṇa kauṃṇa sūdā

     All have arisen from one light, who is a brāhmaṇa and who is a śūdra?

Descendants

• Hindustani: ek

  Hindi: एक

  Urdu: ایک

Old Marathi

Numeral

एक (eka)

1. Devanagari form of 𑘊𑘎 (eka, “one”)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• eka (Latin script)
• 𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
• এক (Bengali script)
• එක (Sinhalese script)
• ဧက or ဨက or ဢေၵ (Burmese script)
• เอก or เอกะ (Thai script)
• ᩑᨠ (Tai Tham script)
• ເອກ or ເອກະ (Lao script)
• ឯក (Khmer script)
• 𑄃𑄬𑄇 (Chakma script)

Numeral

एक

1. Devanagari script form of eka (“one”)
   • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[2] (overall work in Pali), page 252; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

     सब्बेसं तिण्णं पठममज्झिमुत्तमपुरिसानं एकाभिधाने परो पुरिसो गहेतब्बो। सो च पठति, ते च पठन्ति, त्वञ्च पठसि तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पठामि = मयं पठाम; सो पचति, ते च पचन्ति, त्वञ्च पचन्ति, तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पचआमि = मयं पचाम एवं सेसासु विभत्तीसु परो पुरिसो योजेतब्बो॥

     Sabbesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭhamamajjhimuttamapurisānaṃ ekābhidhāne paro puriso gahetabbo. So ca paṭhati, te ca paṭhanti, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe ca paṭhatha, ahañca paṭhāmi = mayaṃ paṭhāma; so pacati, te ca pacanti, tvañca pacasi, tumhe ca pacatha, ahañca pacāmi = mayaṃ pacāma. Evaṃ sesāsu vibhattīsu paro puriso yojetabbo.

     With all three, third, second, and first persons, in one expression, the last person is to be taken. He reads, they read, thou readest, you read, and I read = we read; he cooks, they cook, thou cookest, you cook , and I cook = we cook. The last person is to be applied thus for other endings.

Declension

Declension table of "एक" (masculine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एको (eko)	एके (eke)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एके (eke)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एके (eke)

Declension table of "एका" (feminine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एका (ekā)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Instrumental (third)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकाय (ekāya) or एकायं (ekāyaṃ) or एकिस्सं (ekissaṃ)	एकासु (ekāsu)
Vocative (calling)	एके (eke)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)

Declension table of "एक" (neuter)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एकानि (ekāni)

Sanskrit

Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)

		10
	←  0	१ 1	2  →	10  →
Cardinal: एक (eka)     Ordinal: प्रथम (prathama)     Multiplier: एकधा (ekadhā)     Distributive: एकशस् (ekaśas)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• এক (Assamese script)
• ᬏᬓ (Balinese script)
• এক (Bengali script)
• 𑰊𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
• ဧက (Burmese script)
• એક (Gujarati script)
• ਏਕ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌏𑌕 (Grantha script)
• ꦌꦏ (Javanese script)
• 𑂉𑂍 (Kaithi script)
• ಏಕ (Kannada script)
• ឯក (Khmer script)
• ເອກ (Lao script)
• ഏക (Malayalam script)
• ᡝᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘊𑘎 (Modi script)
• ᠧᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦪𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐊𑐎 (Newa script)
• ଏକ (Odia script)
• ꢍꢒ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆍𑆑 (Sharada script)
• 𑖊𑖎 (Siddham script)
• එක (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩔𑩜 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚆𑚊 (Takri script)
• ஏக (Tamil script)
• ఏక (Telugu script)
• เอก (Thai script)
• ཨེ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒋𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨄𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ís?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynosder.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”). False cognate of Malay and Indonesian esa and so all its Austronesian cognates.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐ́i̯.kɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /eː.kɐ/

Numeral

एक॑ • (éka) stem, m or f or n

1. one

Adjective

एक॑ • (éka) stem

1. (with and without ए॒व (evá)) alone; solitary; single; happening only once; that one only
2. the same; one and the same; identical
3. one of two or many
4. single of its kind; unique; singular; chief; pre-eminent; excellent
5. sincere; truthful
6. little; small
7. (in the plural) some; certain ones

Article

एक॑ • (éka) (Epic Sanskrit, indefinite article)

1. a; an

Declension

Masculine pronominal a-stem declension of एक॑

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	एकः॑ (ékaḥ)	एकौ॑ (ékau) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)	एके॑ (éke)
accusative	एक॑म् (ékam)	एकौ॑ (ékau) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)	एका॑न् (ékān)
instrumental	एके॑न (ékena)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एकैः॑ (ékaiḥ) एके॑भिः¹ (ékebhiḥ¹)
dative	एक॑स्मै (ékasmai)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
ablative	एक॑स्मात् (ékasmāt)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
genitive	एक॑स्य (ékasya)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एके॑षाम् (ékeṣām)
locative	एक॑स्मिन् (ékasmin)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एके॑षु (ékeṣu)
vocative	एक॑ (éka)	एकौ॑ (ékau) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)	एके॑ (éke)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine pronominal ā-stem declension of एका॑

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	एका॑ (ékā)	एके॑ (éke)	एकाः॑ (ékāḥ)
accusative	एका॑म् (ékām)	एके॑ (éke)	एकाः॑ (ékāḥ)
instrumental	एक॑या (ékayā) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एका॑भिः (ékābhiḥ)
dative	एक॑स्यै (ékasyai)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एका॑भ्यः (ékābhyaḥ)
ablative	एक॑स्याः (ékasyāḥ) एक॑स्यै² (ékasyai²)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एका॑भ्यः (ékābhyaḥ)
genitive	एक॑स्याः (ékasyāḥ) एक॑स्यै² (ékasyai²)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एका॑साम् (ékāsām)
locative	एक॑स्याम् (ékasyām)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एका॑सु (ékāsu)
vocative	एके॑ (éke)	एके॑ (éke)	एकाः॑ (ékāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter pronominal a-stem declension of एक॑

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	एक॑म् (ékam)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)
accusative	एक॑म् (ékam)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)
instrumental	एके॑न (ékena)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एकैः॑ (ékaiḥ) एके॑भिः¹ (ékebhiḥ¹)
dative	एक॑स्मै (ékasmai)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
ablative	एक॑स्मात् (ékasmāt)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
genitive	एक॑स्य (ékasya)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एके॑षाम् (ékeṣām)
locative	एक॑स्मिन् (ékasmin)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एके॑षु (ékeṣu)
vocative	एक॑ (éka)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

एक॑ • (éka) stem, n

1. unity
2. a unit (at the end of a compound)

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of एक॑

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	एक॑म् (ékam)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)
accusative	एक॑म् (ékam)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)
instrumental	एके॑न (ékena)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एकैः॑ (ékaiḥ) एके॑भिः¹ (ékebhiḥ¹)
dative	एका॑य (ékāya)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
ablative	एका॑त् (ékāt)	एका॑भ्याम् (ékābhyām)	एके॑भ्यः (ékebhyaḥ)
genitive	एक॑स्य (ékasya)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एका॑नाम् (ékānām)
locative	एके॑ (éke)	एक॑योः (ékayoḥ)	एके॑षु (ékeṣu)
vocative	एक॑ (éka)	एके॑ (éke)	एका॑नि (ékāni) एका॑¹ (ékā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• ऐक्य (aikya)

Descendants

Due to the indistinctive Middle Indo-Aryan vocable *ea ~ *ia resulting from the natural lenition of एक (eka), it was overwhelmingly replaced by the form *ekka in descendant languages.

Inherited

• Dardic:
  • Chitrali:
    • Kalasha: ek
    • Khowar: اِ (i)
  • Kashmiric:
    • Kashmiri: اَکھ / अख (akh)
  • Kohistani:
    • Kalami: اٞک (äk)
    • Indus Kohistani: اک (ak)
    • Tirahi: ایک (īk)
    • Torwali: اے (ē), اےک (ēk)
  • Kunar:
    • Gawar-Bati: یَک (yak)
    • Shumashti: یَک (yek)
  • Shinaic:
    • Dangari:
    • Palula: آک (áak)
    • Savi: یَک (yak), اک (ek)
  • Shina: ایٗک (aík)
  • Ushojo: اک (ak)
• Prakrit: 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)
  • Apabhramsa: एक्क (ekka)
    • Central Indo-Aryan:
      • Old Hindi: एक (eka), इक (ika), हेक (heka)
        • Hindustani: ek

          Hindi: एक

          Urdu: ایک

    • Eastern Indo-Aryan:
      • Bengali-Assamese:
        • Assamese: এক (ek), এ- (e-)
        • Bengali: এক (ek)
        • Rohingya: 𐴀𐴠𐴑 / اࣦكۡ (ek)
      • Bihari:
        • Bhojpuri: एगो (ēgō)
        • Maithili: एक (ēk)
      • Odia: ଏ (e)
    • Northern Indo-Aryan:
      • Kumaoni: एक (ek)
      • Nepali: एक (ek)
      • Western Pahari:
        • Dogri: इक / 𑠂𑠊 (ik)
        • Garhwali: यक (yak)
    • Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
      • Punjabic:
        • Punjabi: ਇੱਕ / اِکّ (ikka)
        • Saraiki: هِکّ (hekk//hikk)
      • Sindhic:
        • Sindhi: هِڪُ (hiku)
    • Southern Indo-Aryan:
      • Konkani: एक (ēk)
      • Old Marathi: 𑘊𑘎 (eka)
        • Marathi: एक (ek)
    • Western Indo-Aryan:
      • Saurashtra: ꢫꣂꢔ꣄ (yōg)
      • Gujarati: એક (eka)
      • Romani: jekh, ekh, yek, ek, äk, ăc
        • Angloromani: yek
  • Insular Indo-Aryan:
    • Dhivehi: އެއް (ek̊)
    • Sinhalese: එක (eka)

Borrowed

• → Old Javanese: eka
  • Javanese: ꦲꦺꦏ (éka)
  • → Balinese: ᬏᬓ (éka)
• → Kannada: ಏಕ (ēka)
• → Malay: ايک (eka)
  • Indonesian: eka
• → Malayalam: ഏക (ēka), ഏകം (ēkaṁ)
• → Santali: ᱮᱠᱚ (ekô)
• → Telugu: ఏకము (ēkamu)
• → Thai: เอก (èek)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “एक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0227, column 3.