憂

See also: 忧

Translingual

Han character

憂 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一月心竹水 (MBPHE), four-corner 1024₇, composition ⿱㥑夂(GJKV) or ⿱㥑夊(HT))

Derived characters

• 優, 嚘, 𭒩, 𢖒, 懮, 擾, 瀀, 𭐰, 櫌, 𤛾, 獶, 瓇, 𥜚, 𥣯, 𥽟, 纋, 耰, 䜡, 𧾤, 𨇄, 䥳, 𩽇(𩾎), 鄾, 㱊, 𢥀, 𡔀, 𢥙, 𧀥, 𢋣, 𭼵

Related characters

• 忧 (Simplified form of 憂)

Descendants

• 𛀌

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 401, character 26
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11170
• Dae Jaweon: page 741, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2341, character 14
• Unihan data for U+6182

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Chinese

trad.		憂
simp.		忧*
alternative forms		㥑

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憂
Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (憂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
憂	*qu
優	*qu
瀀	*qu
櫌	*qu
鄾	*qu
嚘	*qu
耰	*qu
獶	*qu
纋	*qu
懮	*quʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qu) : phonetic 𢝊 () + semantic 夊.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yōu (you¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû
• Northern Min (KCR): iú
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iu¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: you
    • Wade–Giles: yu¹
    • Yale: yōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
    • Palladius: ю (ju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jau¹
    • Yale: yāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yeo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
    • Hakka Romanization System: iu^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
    • Tâi-lô: iu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu³³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 憂
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/iou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou²¹/
	Jinan	/iou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/iou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/iou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/iou²¹/
	Xining	/iɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/iou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/iɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/iɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiø³³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠au³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iu³¹/
	Tunxi	/iu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu³³/
	Xiangtan	/iəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/iu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/jɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ieu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iu²³/

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• Middle Chinese: 'juw

Rime
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於求切
Baxter	'juw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuw/
Li Rong	/ʔiu/
Wang Li	/ĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qu/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)u/
English	grief, grieved
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
No.	15493
Phonetic component	憂
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	憂
Old Chinese	/*qu/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 憂

1. sad; grieved
2. grief; melancholy

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Japanese

Kanji

憂

(Jōyō kanji)

1. anxiety, worry
2. mourning

Readings

• Go-on: う (u)
• Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
• Kun: うい (ui, 憂い, Jōyō)、うれい (urei, 憂い, Jōyō)^{←うれひ (urefi, 憂ひ, historical)}、うれえる (ureeru, 憂える, Jōyō)^{←うれへる (ureferu, 憂へる, historical)}

Compounds

Compounds

• 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ) (yūutsu)
• 憂惧(ゆうぐ), 憂虞(ゆうぐ) (yūgu)
• 憂懼(ゆうく) (yūku)
• 憂(ゆう)国(こく) (yūkoku)
• 憂思(ゆうし) (yūshi)
• 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)
• 憂慮(ゆうりょ) (yūryo)
• 一喜(いっき)一(いち)憂(ゆう) (ikki-ichiyū)
• 鬱憂(うつゆう) (utsuyū)
• 杞憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
• 喜憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
• 先憂後(せんゆうこう)楽(らく) (sen'yūkōraku)
• 大憂(たいゆう) (taiyū)
• 同憂(どうゆう) (dōyū)
• 内憂(ないゆう) (naiyū)
• 忘憂(ぼうゆう) (bōyū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
憂
う Grade: S
kun'yomi

Stem of classical adjective 憂し (ushi), modern 憂い (ui, “gloomy, sad”).

Noun

憂(う) • (u) 

1. grief, pain, sorrow

Derived terms

• あな憂(う) (anau)
• 心(こころ)憂(う) (kokorō)

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Korean

Hanja

憂 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 憂 (ưu, âu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.