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散る

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「散る
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
散る [chìrú]
Imperative (命令形) 散れ [chìré]
Key constructions
Passive 散られる られる [chìrárérú]
Causative 散らせる らせる [chìrásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 散ろう [chìróꜜò]
Negative 散らない らない [chìránáí]
Negative perfective 散らなかった らなかった [chìránáꜜkàttà]
Formal 散ります りま [chìrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 散った った [chìttá]
Conjunctive 散って って [chìtté]
Hypothetical conditional 散れば [chìréꜜbà]

Verb

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() (chiruintransitive godan (stem () (chiri), past ()った (chitta))

Japanese verb pair
active ()らす
mediopassive ()
  1. to become separated and scatter, such as leaves or blossoms
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:
      伊毛何美斯 阿布知乃波那波 知利奴倍斯 和何那久那美多 伊摩陀飛那久尓
      いもがみし あふちのはなは ちりぬべし わがなくなみた いまだひなくに
      imo ga mi shi afuchi no hana wa chirinu beshi wa ga naku namita ima da hi naku ni
Conjugation
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Extended conjugation of chiru "散る" (Class: godan "pentagrade")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") 散り [chiri]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") 散る [chiru]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 散って [chitte] 散らない [chiranai de]
散らなくて [chiranakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 散る [chiru] 散らない [chiranai]
Polite 散ります [chirimasu] 散りません [chirimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 散った [chitta] 散らなかった [chiranakatta]
Polite 散りました [chirimashita] 散りませんでした [chirimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 散ら [chirare]
Positive Negative
Plain 散られる [chirareru] 散られない [chirarenai]
Polite 散られます [chiraremasu] 散られません [chiraremasen]
Past 散られ [chirareta] 散られなかった [chirarenakatta]
Polite past 散られました [chiraremashita] 散られませんでした [chiraremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 散ら [chirase]
Positive Negative
Plain 散らせる [chiraseru]
short form: 散らす [chirasu]
散らせない [chirasenai]
Polite 散らせます [chirasemasu] 散らせません [chirasemasen]
Past 散らせ [chiraseta] 散らせなかった [chirasenakatta]
Polite past 散らせました [chirasemashita] 散らせませんでした [chirasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 散れ [chire]
Positive Negative
Plain 散れる [chireru] 散れない [chirenai]
Polite 散れます [chiremasu] 散れません [chiremasen]
Past 散れ [chireta] 散れなかった [chirenakatta]
Polite past 散れました [chiremashita] 散れませんでした [chiremasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction 散れ [chire]
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request 散ってください [chitte kudasai] 散らないください [chiranai de kudasai]
-nasai form 散りなさい [chirinasai]
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 散る [chiru na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 散ろう [chirō]
Polite 散りましょう [chirimashō]
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 散れば [chireba] 散らなければ [chiranakereba]
colloquial: 散らなきゃ [chiranakya]
-tara form 散った [chittara] 散らなかったら [chiranakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem standard: 散らられ [chiraserare]
colloquial: 散らされ [chirasare] ¹
Positive Negative
Plain 散らせられる [chiraserareru]
散らされる [chirasareru]
散らせられない [chiraserarenai]
散らされない [chirasarenai]
Polite 散らせられます [chiraseraremasu]
散らされます [chirasaremasu]
散らせられません [chiraseraremasen]
散らされません [chirasaremasen]
Past 散らせられ [chiraserareta]
散らされ [chirasareta]
散らせられなかった [chiraserarenakatta]
散らされなかった [chirasarenakatta]
Polite past 散らせられました [chiraseraremashita]
散らされました [chirasaremashita]
散らせられませんでした [chiraseraremasen deshita]
散らされませんでした [chirasaremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 散りたい [chiritai] 散りたくない [chiritaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 散っている [chitte iru]
contraction: 散って [chitteru]
散っていない [chitte inai]
contraction: 散ってない [chittenai]
Polite 散っています [chitte imasu] 散っていません [chitte imasen]
Past 散っていた [chitte ita] 散っていなかった [chitte inakatta]
Polite past 散っていました [chitte imashita] 散っていませんでした [chitte imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative 散ら [chiranu] ²
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative 散ら [chiran]
Negative continuative 散ら [chirazu] ²
(〜): without 〜ing
Representative / Listing examples 散った [chittari]
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 散らせられる散られる.
² Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
離る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE. Currently obsolete.

Cognate with 荒い (arai, rough, harsh), 荒れる (areru, to become wild, rough, unkempt, dilapidated; to be violent, crazy, wild, disordered).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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() (aruintransitive nidan

  1. (obsolete) to become scattered
  2. (obsolete) to become distant, to fade away, to wane
Conjugation
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
あか
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
別る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kagerō Nikki, dated 974 CE. Currently obsolete.

Plural counterpart to 分かる (wakaru, one thing separates from another), implying more a sense of scatter (as of many things). Intransitive counterpart to 散つ (akatsu, to separate or scatter multiple things), itself the plural counterpart to 分かつ (wakatsu, to separate one thing from another). Compare underlying root verbs aku (明く, 開く, 空く: "to open, to spread, to empty") and waku (分く, 別く: "to split, to divide").

Pronunciation

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Verb

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(あか) (akaruintransitive nidan

  1. (obsolete) to scatter, to become dispersed
Conjugation
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 ち・る 【散】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ^ あか・る 【散・別】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here