-ης
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *-ēs, from masculine *-s over *-os ~ -es- neuter substantive nouns. Afterwards used freely.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ɛːs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /e̝s/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /is/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /is/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /is/
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-ēs) m or f (neuter -ες); third declension
- Forms third-declension adjectives with stems in -εσ- (-es-); very common in compounds.
- γένος (génos, “offspring, kind”) + -ης (-ēs) → -γενής (-genḗs, “genes”)
- εἶδος (eîdos, “form, appearance”) + -ης (-ēs) → -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-eides”)
- κλέος (kléos, “fame, glory”) + -ης (-ēs) → -κλεής (-kleḗs, “-klees”) → -κλής (-klḗs)
- κρᾰ́τος (krátos, “might”) + -ης (-ēs) → -κρᾰτής (-kratḗs, “-crates”)
- ἀ- (a-) + ληθ- (lēth-) + -ης (-ēs) → ᾰ̓ληθής (alēthḗs)
- μένος (ménos, “might”) + -ης (-ēs) → -μενής (-menḗs, “-menes”)
- πλῆθος (plêthos, “multitude”) + -ης (-ēs) → -πληθής (-plēthḗs, “-plethes”)
- σθένος (sthénos, “strength”) + -ης (-ēs) → -σθενής (-sthenḗs, “-sthenes”)
- φᾰ́ος (pháos, “light”) + -ης (-ēs) → -φαής (-phaḗs, “-phaes”)
Declension
[edit]Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | -ης -ēs |
-ες -es |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εις / -εες -eis / -ees |
-εᾰ -ea | ||||||||
Genitive | -εος / -ευς -eos / -eus |
-εος / -ευς -eos / -eus |
-οιν -oin |
-οιν -oin |
-έων -éōn |
-έων -éōn | ||||||||
Dative | -ει / -εῐ̈ -ei / -eï |
-ει / -εῐ̈ -ei / -eï |
-οιν -oin |
-οιν -oin |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) | ||||||||
Accusative | -εᾰ -ea |
-ες -es |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εᾰς -eas |
-εᾰ -ea | ||||||||
Vocative | -ες -es |
-ες -es |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εις / -εες -eis / -ees |
-εᾰ -ea | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
-έως -éōs |
-έστερος -ésteros |
-έστᾰτος -éstatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | -ης -ēs |
-ες -es |
-ει -ei |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis |
-η -ē | ||||||||
Genitive | -ους -ous |
-ους -ous |
-οιν -oin |
-οιν -oin |
-ων -ōn |
-ων -ōn | ||||||||
Dative | -ει -ei |
-ει -ei |
-οιν -oin |
-οιν -oin |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) | ||||||||
Accusative | -η -ē |
-ες -es |
-ει -ei |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis |
-η -ē | ||||||||
Vocative | -ες -es |
-ες -es |
-ει -ei |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis |
-η -ē | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
-ως -ōs |
-έστερος -ésteros |
-έστᾰτος -éstatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-ēs) m (genitive -ους or -εος); third declension
- Forms third-declension proper nouns.
- κλέος (kléos, “fame, glory”) + -ης (-ēs) → -κλέης (-kléēs, “-klees”) → -κλῆς (-klês)
- κρᾰ́τος (krátos, “might”) + -ης (-ēs) → Κρᾰ́της (Krátēs), -κρᾰ́της (-krátēs)
- μένος (ménos, “might”) + -ης (-ēs) → -μένης (-ménēs, “-menes”)
- σθένος (sthénos, “strength”) + -ης (-ēs) → -σθένης (-sthénēs, “-sthenes”)
Declension
[edit]Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ης -ēs |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εις / -εες -eis / -ees | ||||||||||
Genitive | -εος / -ευς -eos / -eus |
-οιν -oin |
-έων -éōn | ||||||||||
Dative | -ει / -εῐ̈ -ei / -eï |
-οιν -oin |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | -εᾰ -ea |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εᾰς -eas | ||||||||||
Vocative | -ες -es |
-ει / -εε -ei / -ee |
-εις / -εες -eis / -ees | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ης -ēs |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis | ||||||||||
Genitive | -ους -ous |
-οιν -oin |
-ων -ōn | ||||||||||
Dative | -ει -ei |
-οιν -oin |
-εσῐ / -εσῐν -esi(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | -η -ē |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis | ||||||||||
Vocative | -ες -es |
-ει -ei |
-εις -eis | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part III: Formation of Words”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 858.5
Greek
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-is) (ending of masculine nouns)
- ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns, deriving from ancient 1st declension
- ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient 3rd declension
- ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient -ιος, -ειος
- ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns borrowed from Turkish -cı.
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-is) (ending of adjectives)
- ending of formal adjectives in -ης, -ης, -ες or -ής, -ής, -ές deriving from the corresponding ancient 3rd declension
- ending of adjectives in -ης, -α, -ικο deriving from Medieval Greek
- e.g. ζηλιάρης (ziliáris, “jealous”)
- ending of adjectives in -άρης (-áris) plural -άρηδες borrowed from Latin -ārius.
- e.g. ταβερνιάρης (taverniáris, “taverna owner”)
- ending of adjectives in -ής, -ιά, -ί and indeclinable -ί, borrowed from Turkish -i (-ι, -u, -ü) and extended to -ής, -ιά, -ί, mainly for names of colours
- e.g. λεμονής (lemonís, “lemon”), καφετής (kafetís, “brownish”)
- examples: ασημής ("silver"), καφετής, πορτοκαλής - Charalambakis, Chistoforos et al. (2014) Χρηστικό λεξικό της νεοελληνικής γλώσσας (Christiko lexiko tis Neoellhnikis Glossas) [A Practical dictionary of Modern Greek language] (in Greek) Athens: Academy of Athens. (online since 2023 - abbreviations - symbols)
- e.g. λεμονής (lemonís, “lemon”), καφετής (kafetís, “brownish”)
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-is) f (inflectional feminine form)
- genitive singular ending of feminine nouns and adjectives ending in -η deriving from ancient genitive -ης or -ῆς
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-is) (ending of adverbs)
- adverbs in -ής deriving from genitive feminine ending, Hellenistic or Medieval -ῆς.
- e.g. επικεφαλής (epikefalís, “in charge”), καταγής (katagís, “down on the ground”)
Suffix
[edit]-ης • (-is) (obsolete inflectional verb ending)
- ending of 2nd person, singular, subjunctive used until the 1960s, deriving from its ancient -ῃς (-ēis) equivalent
Usage notes
[edit]The dated subjunctive endings -ης2nd singular, -η3rd singular, -ωμεν1st plural may be found in grammar books for Modern Greek published before 1976, when they were reedited to the identically-pronounced indicative endings -εις, -ει, -ουμε/-ομε as Demotic Greek became the official language of education in Greece.
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- "-ης", in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 1-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek suffixes
- Ancient Greek unaccented terms
- Ancient Greek adjective-forming suffixes
- Ancient Greek masculine suffixes
- Ancient Greek feminine suffixes
- Ancient Greek suffixes with multiple genders
- Ancient Greek noun-forming suffixes
- Ancient Greek masculine nouns
- Ancient Greek third-declension nouns
- Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the third declension
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek suffixes
- Greek inflectional suffixes
- Greek non-lemma forms
- Greek suffix forms