γένος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *génos. Cognate with Latin genus, Sanskrit जनस् (jánas), Old Armenian ծին (cin), among others; see also γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to be born”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ɡé.nos/ → /ˈʝe.nos/ → /ˈʝe.nos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ɡé.nos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡe.nos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈʝe.nos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈʝe.nos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈʝe.nos/

Noun

γένος • (génos) n (genitive γένεος or γένους); third declension

1. race, stock, kin
   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.354:

     ἀμφοτέροισιν ὁμὸν γένος ἠδ᾽ ἴα πάτρη

     amphotéroisin homòn génos ēd’ ía pátrē

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   1. direct descent, as opposed to collateral relationship
      • 4th century BC, Isaeus, Ciron 33:

        γένος γὰρ ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ συγγένεια τοῦτ᾽ ἐστίν

        génos gàr all’ oukhì sungéneia toût’ estín

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. offspring, descendant
   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.180:

     ἣ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔην θεῖον γένος οὐδ᾽ ἀνθρώπων

     hḕ d’ ár’ éēn theîon génos oud’ anthrṓpōn

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   1. (collective) offspring, posterity
      • 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.126.11:

        ἐκεῖνοί τε ἐκαλοῦντο καὶ τὸ γένος τὸ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνων

        ekeînoí te ekaloûnto kaì tò génos tò ap’ ekeínōn

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (in general) race of beings
   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.23:

     ἡμιθέων γένος ἀνδρῶν

     hēmithéōn génos andrôn

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   1. (the family as considered over time): clan, house, dynasty, lineage.
      • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.35.1:

        Φρὺξ μὲν γενεῇ, γένεος δὲ τοῦ βασιληΐου

        Phrùx mèn geneēî, géneos dè toû basilēḯou

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. tribe, nation, race, as a subdivision of ἔθνος (éthnos)
      • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.56.1
   3. caste
      • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.164.1:

        ἔστι δὲ Αἰγυπτίων ἑπτὰ γένεα

        ésti dè Aiguptíōn heptà génea

        The Egyptians are divided into seven classes

   4. breed of animals
      • 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.29
4. age, generation, time of life
   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.215:

     γένει ὕστερος

     génei hústeros

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. sex, gender
   • c. 385 BCE, Plato, Symposium 189d
   1. (grammar) grammatical gender
6. class, sort, kind
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 3.1:

     Τὰ δὲ γένη τῶν κυνῶν διττά

     Tà dè génē tôn kunôn dittá

     The hounds used are of two kinds

   1. (logic) the opposite of εἶδος (eîdos, “species”)
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 1059β.36:

        τὰ γένη δ᾽ εἰς εἴδη πλείω καὶ διαφέροντα διαιρεῖται

        tà génē d’ eis eídē pleíō kaì diaphéronta diaireîtai

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. (taxonomy) class
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 1.6.490b.7
      1. (taxonomy) genus
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 1.1.487b.17:

           τὸ τῶν καρκίνων γένος

           tò tôn karkínōn génos

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      2. species of plant; crop, produce; material
         • 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum 4.8.13
         • PTeb. 66.43:

           ἄλλοις γένεσι τοῖς πρὸς πυρὸν διοικουμένοις

           állois génesi toîs pròs puròn dioikouménois

           (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. element
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 54b

Declension

Third declension of τὸ γένος; τοῦ γένους (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ γένος tò génos	τὼ γένει tṑ génei	τᾰ̀ γένη tằ génē
Genitive	τοῦ γένους toû génous	τοῖν γενοῖν toîn genoîn	τῶν γενῶν tôn genôn
Dative	τῷ γένει tōî génei	τοῖν γενοῖν toîn genoîn	τοῖς γένεσῐ / γένεσῐν toîs génesĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ γένος tò génos	τὼ γένει tṑ génei	τᾰ̀ γένη tằ génē
Vocative	γένος génos	γένει génei	γένη génē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of γένος; γένεος / γένευς (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	γένος génos	γένεε / γένει génee / génei	γένεᾰ géneă
Genitive	γένεος / γένευς géneos / géneus	γενέοιῐ̈ν genéoiĭ̈n	γενέων genéōn
Dative	γένεῐ̈ / γένει géneĭ̈ / génei	γενέοιῐ̈ν genéoiĭ̈n	γένεσῐ / γένεσῐν / γένεσσῐ / γένεσσῐν / γενέεσσῐ / γενέεσσῐν génesĭ(n) / génessĭ(n) / genéessĭ(n)
Accusative	γένος génos	γένεε / γένει génee / génei	γένεᾰ géneă
Vocative	γένος génos	γένεε / γένει génee / génei	γένεᾰ géneă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Third declension of τὸ γένος; τοῦ γένεος / γένευς (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ γένος tò génos	τὼ γένεε / γένει tṑ génee / génei	τᾰ̀ γένεᾰ tằ géneă
Genitive	τοῦ γένεος / γένευς toû géneos / géneus	τοῖν γενέοιν toîn genéoin	τῶν γενέων tôn genéōn
Dative	τῷ γένεῐ̈ / γένει tōî géneĭ̈ / génei	τοῖν γενέοιν toîn genéoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν γένεσῐ / γένεσῐν toîsĭ(n) génesĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ γένος tò génos	τὼ γένεε / γένει tṑ génee / génei	τᾰ̀ γένεᾰ tằ géneă
Vocative	γένος génos	γένεε / γένει génee / génei	γένεᾰ géneă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Related terms

• γενεά (geneá)
• γένεσις (génesis)
• -γενής (-genḗs)
• γέννα (génna)
• γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
• γόνος (gónos)

Descendants

• → Aramaic: גניסא, גנסא
• Greek: γένος (génos)

Further reading

• “γένος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “γένος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• γένος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• γένος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• Bauer lexicon
• G1085 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• γένος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek γένος (génos). Also see γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I am born”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʝenos/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: γέ‧νος

Noun

γένος • (génos) n (plural γένη)

1. family
2. nation
3. (taxonomy, biology) genus
4. (grammar) gender (masculine, feminine, etc)
5. maiden name, née

   Η Ελένη Παπαδοπούλου, το γένος Μενεγάκη.

   I Eléni Papadopoúlou, to génos Menegáki.

   Eleni Papadopoulou née Menegaki.

Declension

Declension of γένος

	singular	plural
nominative	γένος (génos)	γένη (géni)
genitive	γένους (génous)	γενών (genón)
accusative	γένος (génos)	γένη (géni)
vocative	γένος (génos)	γένη (géni)

Coordinate terms

taxonomic ranksedit

• επικράτεια f (epikráteia, “domain”)
• βασίλειο n (vasíleio, “kingdom”)
• συνομοταξία f (synomotaxía, “phylum”)
• ομοταξία f (omotaxía, “class”)
• τάξη f (táxi, “order”)
• οικογένεια f (oikogéneia, “family”)
• γένος n (génos, “genus”)
• είδος n (eídos, “species”)
• υποείδος n (ypoeídos, “subspecies”)
• υποοικογένεια f (ypooikogéneia, “subfamily”)

Related terms

• γενεά f (geneá, “generation”)
• γενεαλογία f (genealogía, “genealogy”)
• γένεση f (génesi, “birth, beginning”)
• γενέσθαι (genésthai)
• γενεσιουργός (genesiourgós)
• γενετικός (genetikós, “genetic”)
• -γενής (-genís)
• γενιά f (geniá, “generation”)
• γέννα f (génna, “birth”)
• γεννάω (gennáo, “to give birth”)
• γέννηση f (génnisi, “birth”)
• γίνομαι (gínomai, “to become”)
• γόνος m (gónos, “offspring”)

Further reading

• Γένος (βιολογία) on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^el