stimulus: difference between revisions

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{{en-noun|+|stimuli}}
{{en-noun|+|stimuli}}


# {{rfc-sense|en}} An external [[phenomenon]] that has an [[influence]] on a [[system]], by [[triggering]] or modifying an internal phenomenon; for example, a spur or incentive that drives a person to take action or change behaviour.
# An external [[phenomenon]] that has an [[influence]] on a [[system]], by [[triggering]] or modifying an internal phenomenon; for example, a spur or incentive that drives a person to take action or change behaviour.
#: ''an economic stimulus''
#: ''an economic stimulus''
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1834|author={{w|Letitia Elizabeth Landon}}|title=Francesca Carrara|volume=2|page=174|text=From the beginning of the show to the end, vanity is the sole '''stimulus''' and reward of action—vanity, that never looks beyond the present.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1834|author={{w|Letitia Elizabeth Landon}}|title=Francesca Carrara|volume=2|page=174|text=From the beginning of the show to the end, vanity is the sole '''stimulus''' and reward of action—vanity, that never looks beyond the present.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=November 7, 2012|author=Matt Bai|title=Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds|work=New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/us/politics/in-president-obamas-second-term-familiar-challenges.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=November 7, 2012|author=Matt Bai|title=Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds|work=New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/us/politics/in-president-obamas-second-term-familiar-challenges.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
|passage=Democrats, meanwhile, point out that Republicans seem to have made a conscious decision, beginning with the '''stimulus''', to oppose anything the president put forward, dooming any chance of renewed cooperation between the parties.}}
|passage=Democrats, meanwhile, point out that Republicans seem to have made a conscious decision, beginning with the '''stimulus''', to oppose anything the president put forward, dooming any chance of renewed cooperation between the parties.}}
# {{rfc-sense|en}} {{lb|en|physiology}} Something [[external]] that [[elicit]]s or [[influence]]s a [[physiological]] or [[psychological]] activity or [[response]].
# {{lb|en|physiology|psychology|medicine}} Something [[external]] that [[elicit]]s or [[influence]]s a [[physiological]] or [[psychological]] activity or [[response]], or that [[affect]]s any of the [[sensory]] [[apparatus]]es.
#* '''2002''', Kim Burchiel, ''Surgical Management of Pain'', Thieme ({{ISBN|9780865779129}}), page 44:
# {{rfc-sense|en}} {{lb|en|psychology}} Anything effectively [[impinge|impinging]] upon any of the [[sensory]] [[apparatus]]es of a living [[organism]], including [[physical]] [[phenomena]] both [[internal]] and external to the body.
#*: Even light nonpainful '''stimuli''' can provoke or exacerbate spontaneous pain; this is not limited to tactile, thermal, or vibratory stimuli, because auditory, visual, olfactory, and visceral '''stimuli''' also may be problematic.
# {{lb|en|botany|entomology}} A [[sting]] on the body of a plant or insect.
# {{lb|en|botany|entomology}} A [[sting]] on the body of a plant or insect.
#*'''1789''', {{w|Erasmus Darwin}}, ''The Loves of the Plants'', J. Johnson, p. 15:
#*'''1789''', {{w|Erasmus Darwin}}, ''The Loves of the Plants'', J. Johnson, p. 15:
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====Synonyms====
====Synonyms====
* {{sense|anything that may have an impact or influence}} {{l|en|influence}}
* {{sense|anything that may have an impact or influence}} {{l|en|influence}}; {{l|en|impetus}}, {{l|en|impulse}}, {{l|en|spur}}
* {{sense|anything that induces a person to take action}} {{l|en|impetus}}, {{l|en|impulse}}, {{l|en|spur}}


====Translations====
====Translations====
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*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|刺激物|tr=cìjīwù|sc=Hani}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|刺激物|tr=cìjīwù|sc=Hani}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|stimulans|c}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|stimulans|c}}
* Esperanto: {{t-check|eo|sprono}}, {{t-check|eo|ekilo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|vaikute}}, {{t+|fi|kannuste}}, {{t+|fi|kiihoke}}, {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|heräte}}; {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|vaikute}}, {{t+|fi|kannuste}}, {{t+|fi|kiihoke}}, {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|heräte}}; {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
* French: {{t+|fr|stimulus|m}}
* French: {{t+|fr|stimulus|m}}
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{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


{{trans-top|in physiology: something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response}}
{{trans-top|something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response}}
* Armenian: {{t+check|hy|ազդակ}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|estímul|m}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|estímul|m}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|podnět|m}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|podnět|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|stimulans |c}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|stimulans|c}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
* German: {{t+|de|Stimulus|m}}
* German: {{t+|de|Stimulus|m}}
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{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


{{checktrans-top}}
{{trans-top|in psychology: anything effectively impinging upon any of the sensory apparatuses of a living organism}}
* Dutch: {{t+check|nl|stimulans|m}}, {{t+check|nl|stimulus}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|ազդակ}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|estímul|m}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|podnět|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|stimulans|c}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
{{trans-mid}}
* German: {{t+|de|Stimulus|m}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|bodziec|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|estímulo|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|stimul|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|estímulo|m}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|ganyak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|anything that induces a person to take action}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|ազդակ}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|estímul|m}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|podnět|m}}
* Danish: {{t|da|udløsningsimpuls|c}}, {{t|da|igangsætter |c}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|sprono}}, {{t|eo|ekilo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ärsyke}}, {{t+|fi|stimulus}} {{qualifier|scientific}}
* German: {{t|de|Auslöseimpuls|m}}
{{trans-mid}}
* Greek:
* Greek:
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|κέντρον|n}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|κέντρον|n}}
* Latin: {{t|la|stimulus|m}}, {{t|la|calcar|n}}
* Latin: {{t|la|stimulus|m}}, {{t|la|calcar|n}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|bodziec|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|estímulo|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|stimul|m}}, {{t+|ro|motiv|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|estímulo|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Dutch: {{t+check|nl|stimulans|m}}, {{t+check|nl|stimulus}}
{{trans-mid}}
{{trans-mid}}
* Irish: {{t-check|ga|spreagadh|m}}
* Irish: {{t-check|ga|spreagadh|m}}

Revision as of 22:46, 15 December 2021

See also: Stimulus

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin stimulus (goad, prick)

Pronunciation

  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "US" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/
  • Audio (UK):(file)

Noun

stimulus (plural stimuluses or stimuli)

  1. An external phenomenon that has an influence on a system, by triggering or modifying an internal phenomenon; for example, a spur or incentive that drives a person to take action or change behaviour.
    an economic stimulus
    • 1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, volume 2, page 174:
      From the beginning of the show to the end, vanity is the sole stimulus and reward of action—vanity, that never looks beyond the present.
    • 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times[1]:
      Democrats, meanwhile, point out that Republicans seem to have made a conscious decision, beginning with the stimulus, to oppose anything the president put forward, dooming any chance of renewed cooperation between the parties.
  2. (physiology, psychology, medicine) Something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response, or that affects any of the sensory apparatuses.
    • 2002, Kim Burchiel, Surgical Management of Pain, Thieme (→ISBN), page 44:
      Even light nonpainful stimuli can provoke or exacerbate spontaneous pain; this is not limited to tactile, thermal, or vibratory stimuli, because auditory, visual, olfactory, and visceral stimuli also may be problematic.
  3. (botany, entomology) A sting on the body of a plant or insect.
    • 1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, p. 15:
      Many plants, like many animals, are furnished with arms for their protection; these are either aculei, prickles [] ; or stimuli, stings, as in the nettles, which are armed with a venomous fluid for the annoyance of naked animals.

Synonyms

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Esperanto

Verb

stimulus

  1. conditional of stimuli

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin stimulus.

Pronunciation

Noun

stimulus m (plural stimulus or stimuli)

  1. stimulus

Further reading


Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch stimulus, from Latin stimulus (goad, prick), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (to pierce, prick, be sharp).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [stiˈmulʊs], [sə̆tiˈmulʊs]
  • Hyphenation: sti‧mu‧lus

Noun

stimulus (first-person possessive stimulusku, second-person possessive stimulusmu, third-person possessive stimulusnya)

  1. stimulus
    Synonym: perangsang

Derived terms

Further reading


Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (to pierce, prick, be sharp). Cognate with Ancient Greek στίζω (stízō, I mark).

Pronunciation

Noun

stimulus m (genitive stimulī); second declension

  1. a goad, prick
  2. a sting
  3. (figuratively) stimulus, incentive

Declension

Second-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative stimulus stimulī
Genitive stimulī stimulōrum
Dative stimulō stimulīs
Accusative stimulum stimulōs
Ablative stimulō stimulīs
Vocative stimule stimulī

Descendants

References

  • stimulus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • stimulus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • stimulus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • stimulus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to be spurred on by ambition: stimulis gloriae concitari
    • to spur, urge a person on: calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere
  • stimulus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology

Probably from Latin

Noun

stimulus m (definite singular stimulusen, indefinite plural stimuli, definite plural stimuliene)

  1. a stimulus

References


Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Probably from Latin

Noun

stimulus m (definite singular stimulusen, indefinite plural stimuli or stimulusar, definite plural stimuliane or stimulusane)

  1. a stimulus

References