Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Fricative Consonants
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Proto-Germanic Fricative Consonants
[edit]Proto-Germanic *f
[edit]German f ~ English v
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
elf | eleve(n) | eleven | ellifu | *ainalif | |
Fass [n] | vat | barrel, keg, drum, cask, vat |
fæt | fat | *fatą |
Hof | hov(el) | yard, garden; court, palace |
hof | hof | *hufą |
Schaufel [f] | shovel | shovel | sċofl | *skuflō | |
zwölf | twelve | twelve | twelf | *twalif |
Proto-Germanic *h
[edit]The correspondences for *h are somewhat complicated as English exhibits two kinds of changes from *h. In English, *h can become a gh /∅/, or it can become gh /f/. This yields two possible rules of correspondence.
German ch ~ English gh /∅/
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bucht | bight | bay, bight |
byht | bót | *buhtiz |
doch | though | still, yet |
þēah | þó | *þauh |
hoch | high | high | hēah | hár | *hauhaz |
mächtig | mighty | powerful, mighty |
mihtiġ | *mahtīgaz | |
tüchtig | doughty | efficient, capable, hard, competent, big |
dyhtiġ | Proto-West Germanic *duhtīg |
German ch ~ English ff
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German word | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hauchen; hauchte; (ge)haucht |
huff; huffed; huffed |
to whisper, to aspirate |
German ch ~ English gh /f/
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German word | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
keuchen; keuchte; (ge)keucht |
cough; coughed; coughed |
to pant | |||
lachen; lachte; (ge)lacht |
laugh; laughed; laughed |
to laugh | hlehhan, hliehhan |
*hlahjaną | |
zäh (Bavarian: zach) |
tough | chewy, tough |
tōh | *tanhuz |
Proto-Germanic *s
[edit]Both languages exhibit some tendency to rhotacization.
German r ~ English z
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
frieren; fror; (ge)froren |
freeze; froze; frozen |
to freeze, to be cold |
frēosan | frjósa | *freusaną |
German s ~ English Ø
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Felse(n) [m] | fell | boulder, cliff |
fell, fjall |
*falisaz | |
Hülse [f] | holly | holly, pod, case |
holeġn, holen |
Proto-West Germanic *hulis | |
unser | our | our | ūre | *unseraz |
German s ~ English r
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eisen [n] | iron | iron | īren | *īsarną | |
(er)kiesen; (er)kor; (er)koren |
to choose | choose; chose; chosen |
ċēosan | *keusaną | |
Hase [m] | hare | hare | hara | heri | *hasô |
German s ~ English s /z/, z
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hasel | hazel | hazel | hæsl | *hasalaz | |
reisen; reiste; (ge)reist |
rise; rose; risen |
to travel | *rīsaną |
Proto-Germanic *þ
[edit]German d ~ English th
[edit]We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced th as equivalent.
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adela/Adele (proper name) | Ethel/Ethyl (proper name) | ||||
Bad [n] | bath | bath | bæþ | bað | *baþą |
baden; badete; (ge)badet |
bathe; bathed; bathed |
to bathe | baþian | baða | *baþōną |
Bruder [m] | brother | brother | brōþor | bróðir | *brōþēr |
da | there | there | þār, þǣr, þēr |
þar, þær |
*þar |
Dach [n] | thatch | roof | þæċ | *þaką | |
danken; dankte; (ge)dankt |
to thank | thank; thanked; thanked |
þancian, þoncian |
*þankōną | |
dann, denn |
than, then |
then | þan, þon, þanne |
*þan | |
das, dass |
that | that | þæt | þat | *þat |
Daume(n) [m] | thumb | thumb | þūma | *þūmô | |
Däum(ling) | thimble | thumbstall | þȳmel | *þūmilaz | |
denken; dachte; (ge)dacht |
think; thought; thought |
to think | þencan | *þankijaną | |
dick | thick | thick | þicce | þykkr | *þekuz |
Dieb [m]; Diebe |
thief; thieves |
thief | þēof | þjófr | *þeubaz |
Diele [f] | thill | plank, hallway, foyer |
þille | *þiljǭ | |
Ding [n] | thing | thing | þing | þing | *þingą |
Distel [f] | thistle | thistle | þistel | þistill | *þistilaz |
doch | though | still, yet |
þēah | *þauh | |
Dorn [m] | thorn | thorn | þorn | þorn | *þurnuz |
Draht [m] | thread | wire | þrǣd | *þrēduz | |
Drang | throng | urge, drive |
|||
(Ge)dränge [n] | throng | jostle, throng |
|||
drehen; drehte; (ge)dreht |
throw; thrown; thrown |
to rotate, to spin, to turn |
þrāwan | *þrēaną | |
drei | three | three | þrī, þrīe |
þrír | *þrīz |
dreschen; drosch; (ge)droschen |
thrash; thrashed; thrashed |
to thresh, to thrash |
þrescan | *þreskaną | |
dreschen; drosch; (ge)droschen |
thresh; threshed; threshed |
to thresh, to thrash |
þrescan | *þreskaną | |
Dross(el) [f] | throat | throttle (mech.); throat of game (hunter's jargon) |
þrote | ||
dünn | thin | thin | þynne | þunnr | *þunnuz |
durch | thorough | through | þuruh | *þurhw | |
durch | through | through | þurh | *þurhw | |
Durst [m] | thirst | thirst | þurst, þyrst |
þorsti | *þurstuz |
Eid [m] | oath | oath | āþ | eiðr | *aiþaz |
Erde [f] | Earth | Earth | eorþe | jǫrð | *erþō |
Feder [f] | feather | feather | feþer | fjǫðr | *feþrō |
gerade | rather | straight, direct |
hraþor | rǫð | |
Heide [f] | heath | heath, moor |
hǣþ | heiðr | *haiþī |
Herd [m] | hearth | stove, cooker |
heorþ | *herþaz | |
Leder [n] | leather | leather | leþer | leðr | *leþrą |
leid | loath | weary, sorry (anguish) |
lāþ | leiðr | *laiþaz |
Magd [f] | maid; maid(en) |
maidservant | mæġden | *magaþs | |
Mund [m] | mouth | mouth | mūþ | muðr | *munþaz |
nieder | nether | down, low |
niþer | niðr | *niþer |
Norde(n) [m]; nord- |
north | north | norþ | norðr | *nurþrą |
Pfad [m] | path | path | pæþ | *paþaz | |
Schade(n) [m] | scathe | damage, harm |
skaði | *skaþô | |
Schmied [m] | smith | smith | smiþ | smiðr | *smiþaz |
Schmiede [f] | smithy | smithy | smiðja | *smiþjǭ | |
Schwade | swath | swath; waft |
swæþ | ||
sieden; sott; (ge)sotten |
seethe; sod/seethed; sodden/seethed |
to simmer, to seethe |
sēoþan | sjóða | *seuþaną |
Süde(n) [m], süd- |
south | south | sūþ | suðr | *sunþrą |
Tod [m] | death | death | dēaþ | dauðr | *dauþuz |
weder | whether | neither | hwæþer | *hwaþeraz | |
Widder | wether | ram, wether |
weþer | veðr | *weþruz |
wider | with | against | wiþ | ||
wieder | with | again | wiþ |
German t ~ English th
[edit]Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monat [m] | month | month | mōnaþ | mánaðr | *mēnōþs |
Motte [f] | moth | moth | moþþe | ||
tauen; taute; (ge)taut |
thaw; thawed; thawed |
to thaw | þāwian | ||
tausend | thousand | thousand | þūsend | þúsund | *þūsundī |
Wert; wert |
worth | worth | weorþ | verðr, verð |
*werþaz |