Appendix:Slovene nouns/first masculine declension
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The first masculine declension follow all masculine nouns that have ending -a or -u in genitive singular and the word dȃn. Nouns can follow all four accentual patterns and some can change gender in plural.
Basic sample
[edit]There are two things that determine the endings of a noun: whether it is animate or animate, and whether it is a hard or soft stem. Animate nouns have ending -a in accusative singular, while inanimate have a null ending. Soft stems (those ending in -c, -j, -č, -ž, -š) have -e- in endings instead of -o-:
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | hotẹ̑l | ||
gen. sing. | hotẹ̑la | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
hotẹ̑l | hotẹ̑la | hotẹ̑li |
genitive rodȋlnik |
hotẹ̑la | hotẹ̑lov | hotẹ̑lov |
dative dajȃlnik |
hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li | hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama | hotẹ̑lom, hotẹ̑lam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
hotẹ̑l | hotẹ̑la | hotẹ̑le |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li | hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah | hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
hotẹ̑lom | hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama | hotẹ̑li |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
hotẹ̑l | hotẹ̑la | hotẹ̑li |
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | izpuščȃj | ||
gen. sing. | izpuščȃja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃja | izpuščȃji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
izpuščȃja | izpuščȃjev | izpuščȃjev |
dative dajȃlnik |
izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji | izpuščȃjema, izpuščȃjama | izpuščȃjem, izpuščȃjam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃja | izpuščȃje |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji | izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah | izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
izpuščȃjem | izpuščȃjema, izpuščȃjama | izpuščȃji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃji | izpuščȃji |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | akrobȃt | ||
gen. sing. | akrobȃta | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
akrobȃt | akrobȃta | akrobȃti |
genitive rodȋlnik |
akrobȃta | akrobȃtov | akrobȃtov |
dative dajȃlnik |
akrobȃtu, akrobȃti | akrobȃtoma, akrobȃtama | akrobȃtom, akrobȃtam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
akrobȃta | akrobȃta | akrobȃte |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
akrobȃtu, akrobȃti | akrobȃtih, akrobȃtah | akrobȃtih, akrobȃtah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
akrobȃtom | akrobȃtoma, akrobȃtama | akrobȃti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
akrobȃt | akrobȃta | akrobȃti |
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | ravnȃtelj | ||
gen. sing. | ravnȃtelja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
ravnȃtelj | ravnȃtelja | ravnȃtelji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
ravnȃtelja | ravnȃteljev | ravnȃteljev |
dative dajȃlnik |
ravnȃtelju, ravnȃtelji | ravnȃteljema, ravnȃteljama | ravnȃteljem, ravnȃteljam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
ravnȃtelja | ravnȃtelja | ravnȃtelje |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
ravnȃtelju, ravnȃtelji | ravnȃteljih, ravnȃteljah | ravnȃteljih, ravnȃteljah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
ravnȃteljem | ravnȃteljema, ravnȃteljama | ravnȃtelji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
ravnȃtelj | ravnȃtelja | ravnȃtelji |
Alterations
[edit]Note: the second form is, if not otherwise denoted, in genitive singular
- Nouns can have -j-, -t-, or -n- infix
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -j- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | tȃksi | ||
gen. sing. | tȃksija | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
tȃksi | tȃksija | tȃksiji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
tȃksija | tȃksijev | tȃksijev |
dative dajȃlnik |
tȃksiju, tȃksiji | tȃksijema, tȃksijama | tȃksijem, tȃksijam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
tȃksi | tȃksija | tȃksije |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
tȃksiju, tȃksiji | tȃksijih, tȃksijah | tȃksijih, tȃksijah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
tȃksijem | tȃksijema, tȃksijama | tȃksiji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
tȃksi | tȃksija | tȃksiji |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | sȋnko | ||
gen. sing. | sȋnkota | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
sȋnko | sȋnkota | sȋnkoti |
genitive rodȋlnik |
sȋnkota | sȋnkotov | sȋnkotov |
dative dajȃlnik |
sȋnkotu, sȋnkoti | sȋnkotoma, sȋnkotama | sȋnkotom, sȋnkotam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
sȋnkota | sȋnkota | sȋnkote |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
sȋnkotu, sȋnkoti | sȋnkotih, sȋnkotah | sȋnkotih, sȋnkotah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
sȋnkotom | sȋnkotoma, sȋnkotama | sȋnkoti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
sȋnko | sȋnkota | sȋnkoti |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -n- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | nágelj | ||
gen. sing. | nágeljna | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
nágelj | nágeljna | nágeljni |
genitive rodȋlnik |
nágeljna | nāgeljnov | nāgeljnov |
dative dajȃlnik |
nágeljnu, nágeljni | nágeljnoma, nágeljnama | nágeljnom, nágeljnam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
nágelj | nágeljna | nágeljne |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
nágeljnu, nágeljni | nāgeljnih, nāgeljnah | nāgeljnih, nāgeljnah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
nágeljnom | nágeljnoma, nágeljnama | nāgeljni |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
nȃgelj | nȃgeljna | nȃgeljni |
- A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending -a (slúga (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), -e (finȃle 'final'), -o (Márko (a male name), or -u (Enẹ̑scu '(a name)'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin loanwords -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, and -um are considered an ending. Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda, Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija, Aristọ̄teles Aristọ̄tela, Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla, Arhȋlos Arhȋloha, Tȃcitus Tȃcita, and Tarẹ̑ntum Tarẹ̑nta. These suffixes can be omitted (Leonȋd, Aristọ̄tel, Juvenȃl etc.), but if we do so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j-, even in nominative case (Ȃvgij, Menelȃj, Lívij, etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as Rọ̑dos Rọ̑dosa, and some can be declined both ways, such as ọ̑bolos ọ̑bola/ọ̑bolosa and alpinẹ̑tum alpinẹ̑ta/alpinẹ̑tuma. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative (Makȃrios Makariosa).
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -e in nominative singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | finȃle | ||
gen. sing. | finȃla | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
finȃle | finȃla | finȃli |
genitive rodȋlnik |
finȃla | finȃlov | finȃlov |
dative dajȃlnik |
finȃlu, finȃli | finȃloma, finȃlama | finȃlom, finȃlam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
finȃla | finȃla | finȃle |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
finȃlu, finȃli | finȃlih, finȃlah | finȃlih, finȃlah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
finȃlom | finȃloma, finȃlama | finȃli |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
finȃle | finȃla | finȃli |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, stem change to nepot- in other cases (singularia tantum) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Nẹ̑pos | ||
gen. sing. | Nẹ̑pota | ||
singular | |||
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Nẹ̑pos | ||
genitive rodȋlnik |
Nẹ̑pota | ||
dative dajȃlnik |
Nẹ̑potu, Nẹ̑poti | ||
accusative tožȋlnik |
Nẹ̑pota | ||
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Nẹ̑potu, Nẹ̑poti | ||
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Nẹ̑potom | ||
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Nẹ̑pos |
- some monosyllabic nouns have an -u ending in genitive singular (mọ̑st mostȗ 'bridge', rọ̑d rodȗ 'lineage') – remnants of u-stem declension.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent, ending -u in genitive singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | grȃd | ||
gen. sing. | gradȗ | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
gradȗ | gradóv | gradóv |
dative dajȃlnik |
grȃdu, grȃdi | gradȏvoma, gradȏvama | gradȏvom, gradȏvam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏve |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
grȃdu, grȃdi | gradȏvih, gradȏvah | gradȏvih, gradȏvah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
grȃdom | gradȏvi, gradȏvama | gradȏvi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi |
- Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciacion. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both:
- In writing, silent -e at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords Wilde /ˈʋâːjlt/ Wilda /ˈʋáːjldà/ and Laforgue /laˈfôːɾɡ/ Lafforgua /laˈfóːɾɡà/, but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters, such as in Wallace /ˈwáːlə̀s///ˈʋáːlìs/ Wallacea /ˈʋáːlisà/ and George /ˈdʒôːɾdʒ/ Georgea /ˈdʒóːɾdʒà/, except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant + m/n that precede it, such as Lamartine /lamaɾˈtîːn/ Lamartina /lamaɾˈtíːnà/. If e is followed by other letters, it is kept in all cases, whether it is pronounced or not (Holmes /xôːlms/ Holmesa /xóːlmsà/ and Jacques /ʒâːk/ Jacquesa /ʒáːkà/).
- In pronunciation, when the sound is not written with an e or o, such as in žánr žánra and fílm fílma.
- In both when the sound is written by its own letter, usually with an e, but also with a or o, such as pósəł pósla 'business' and séjəm séjma 'fair'. In loanwords from other Slavic languages, fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules. Examples include Muromec Muromca, Dudok Dudka, Čapek Čapka, Kragujevac Kragujevca, and Zadar Zadra, but not Lev, because Lev Lva would violate other grammatical rules, so it is declined as Lev Leva. The omission of the sound is also present in some non-Slavic loanwords, such as München /ˈmýːnxə̀n///ˈmíːŋxə̀n/ Münchna /ˈmíːŋxnà/, ráster rástra, but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases, where it is transformed into /e/ or /o/, such as Ȃndersen Ȃndersena and Olafsson /ˈóːlafsɔ̀n/ Olafssona /ˈóːlafsɔnà/.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, loss of silent -e | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Wilde | ||
gen. sing. | Wilda | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Wilde | Wilda | Wildi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Wilda | Wildov | Wildov |
dative dajȃlnik |
Wildu, Wildi | Wildoma, Wildama | Wildom, Wildam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Wilda | Wilda | Wilde |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Wildu, Wildi | Wildih, Wildah | Wildih, Wildah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Wildom | Wildoma, Wildama | Wildi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Wilde | Wilda | Wildi |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, loss of unwritten fill vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | fílm | ||
gen. sing. | fílma | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
fílm | fílma | fílmi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
fílma | fīlmov | fīlmov |
dative dajȃlnik |
fílmu, fílmi | fílmoma, fílmama | fílmom, fílmam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
fílm | fílma | fílme |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
fílmu, fílmi | fīlmih, fīlmah | fīlmih, fīlmah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
fílmom | fílmoma, fílmama | fīlmi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
fȋlm | fȋlma | fȋlmi |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, loss of fill vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | séjəm | ||
gen. sing. | séjma | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
séjəm | séjma | séjmi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
séjma | sējmov | sējmov |
dative dajȃlnik |
séjmu, séjmi | séjmoma, séjmama | séjmom, séjmam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
séjəm | séjma | séjme |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
séjmu, séjmi | sējmih, sējmah | sējmih, sējmah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
séjmom | séjmoma, séjmama | sējmi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
sȇjəm | sȇjma | sȇjmi |
- Nouns ending in -io (such as rādio /ˈɾáːdijɔ///ˈɾàːdijɔ/ 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem.
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -o in nominative singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | rādio | ||
gen. sing. | rādia | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
rādio | rādia | rādii |
genitive rodȋlnik |
rādia | rādiev | rādiev |
dative dajȃlnik |
rādiu, rādii | rādiema, rādiama | rādiem, rādiam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
rādio | rādia | rādie |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
rādiu, rādii | rādiih, rādiah | rādiih, rādiah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
rādiem | rādiema, rādiama | rādii |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
rȃdio | rȃdia | rȃdii |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -o in nominative singular, in pronunciation becomes soft | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | rādio | ||
gen. sing. | rādia | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
rādio | rādia | rādii |
genitive rodȋlnik |
rādia | rādiov | rādiov |
dative dajȃlnik |
rādiu, rādii | rādioma, rādiama | rādiom, rādiam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
rādio | rādia | rādie |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
rādiu, rādii | rādiih, rādiah | rādiih, rādiah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
rādiom | rādioma, rādiama | rādii |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
rȃdio | rȃdia | rȃdii |
- Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced (Marat /maˈɾáː/ instrumental singular Maratom/Maratem /maˈɾáːjɛm/). Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant (Macquart /makˈáːɾ/ instrumental singular Macquartom/Macquartem /makˈáːɾjɛm/).
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, in pronunciation becomes soft with j-infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Macquart | ||
gen. sing. | Macquarta | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Macquart | Macquarta | Macquarti |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Macquarta | Macquartov | Macquartov |
dative dajȃlnik |
Macquartu, Macquarti | Macquartoma, Macquartama | Macquartom, Macquartam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Macquarta | Macquarta | Macquarte |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Macquartu, Macquarti | Macquartih, Macquartah | Macquartih, Macquartah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Macquartom | Macquartoma, Macquartama | Macquarti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Macquart | Macquarta | Macquarti |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, in pronunciation gets j-infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Macquart | ||
gen. sing. | Macquarta | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Macquart | Macquarta | Macquarti |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Macquarta | Macquartev | Macquartev |
dative dajȃlnik |
Macquartu, Macquarti | Macquartema, Macquartama | Macquartem, Macquartam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Macquarta | Macquarta | Macquarte |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Macquartu, Macquarti | Macquartih, Macquartah | Macquartih, Macquartah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Macquartem | Macquartema, Macquartama | Macquarti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Macquart | Macquarta | Macquarti |
- Some nouns have the stem lengthened with -ov- in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example wikt-grȃd nominative dual gradȏva 'castle', grȍb nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent, ending -u in genitive singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | grȃd | ||
gen. sing. | gradȗ | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
gradȗ | gradóv | gradóv |
dative dajȃlnik |
grȃdu, grȃdi | gradȏvoma, gradȏvama | gradȏvom, gradȏvam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏve |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
grȃdu, grȃdi | gradȏvih, gradȏvah | gradȏvih, gradȏvah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
grȃdom | gradȏvi, gradȏvama | gradȏvi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi |
- Some nouns have the ending -je in the nominative plural instead of -i. This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: študȅnt 'student', nominative plural študéntje, gospọ̑d 'sir, lord', nominative plural gospọ̑dje, kmȅt 'farmer', nominative plural kmẹ́tje, etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, ending -je in nominative plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | gospọ̑d | ||
gen. sing. | gospọ̑da | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
gospọ̑d | gospọ̑da | gospọ̑dje |
genitive rodȋlnik |
gospọ̑da | gospọ̑dov | gospọ̑dov |
dative dajȃlnik |
gospọ̑du, gospọ̑di | gospọ̑doma, gospọ̑dama | gospọ̑dom, gospọ̑dam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
gospọ̑da | gospọ̑da | gospọ̑de |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
gospọ̑du, gospọ̑di | gospọ̑dih, gospọ̑dah | gospọ̑dih, gospọ̑dah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
gospọ̑dom | gospọ̑doma, gospọ̑dama | gospọ̑di |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
gospọ̑d | gospọ̑da | gospọ̑dje |
- Some nouns (mostly those that have an ending -u in genitive singular) have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (lȃs, genitive plural lás 'hair', zọ̑b genitive plural zọ́b 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (vọ̑z, genitive plural vozóv/vọ̑z).
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, no ending in genitive dual/plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | vọ̑z | ||
gen. sing. | vọ̑za | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
vọ̑z | vozȏva | vozȏvi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
vọ̑za | vọ̑z | vọ̑z |
dative dajȃlnik |
vọ̑zu, vọ̑zi | vozȏvoma, vozȏvama | vozȏvom, vozȏvam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
vọ̑za | vozȏva | vozȏve |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
vọ̑zu, vọ̑zi | vozȏvih, vozȏvah | vozȏvih, vozȏvah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
vọ̑zom | vozȏvoma, vozȏvama | vozȏvi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
vọ̑z | vozȏva | vozȏvi |
- About special stressed endings in plural, see mixed accent nouns.
- Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms:
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, showing signs of Slavic second palatalization | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | otrȍk | ||
gen. sing. | otróka | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
otrȍk | otróka | otróci |
genitive rodȋlnik |
otróka | otrọ́k | otrọ́k |
dative dajȃlnik |
otróku, otróki | otrókoma, otrókama | otrókom, otrókam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
otróka | otróka | otróke |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
otróku, otróki | otrọ̄kih, otrọ̄kah | otrọ̄kih, otrọ̄kah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
otrókom | otrókoma, otrókama | otrọ́ki |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
otrȍk | otrȏka | otrȏci |
- Many forms of the noun dȃn 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants dn-, and a longer one dnẹ̑v-. The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most appropriate declension, is a mix of both:
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, showing forms of former n-stem declension | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | dȃn | ||
gen. sing. | dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑ | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑vi, dnȋ |
genitive rodȋlnik |
dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑ | dní, dnẹ̑vov | dní, dnẹ̑vov |
dative dajȃlnik |
dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vi | dnẹ̑ma, dnẹ̑voma, dnẹ̑vama | dnẹ̑m, dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑vam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑ve, dnȋ |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vi | dnẹ́h, dnẹ̑vih, dnẹ̑vah | dnẹ́h, dnẹ̑vih, dnẹ̑vah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑m | dnẹ̑ma, dnẹ̑voma, dnẹ̑vama | dnẹ̑vi dnẹ̑mi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑vi, dnȋ |
- The masculine noun člóvek 'human, person' is suppletive. In the plural, the stem ljud- is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , mobile accent, stem ljud- in plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | člóvek | ||
gen. sing. | človẹ́ka | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
člóvek | človẹ́ka | ljudjẹ̑ |
genitive rodȋlnik |
človẹ́ka | ljudí | ljudí |
dative dajȃlnik |
človẹ́ku, človẹ́ki | človẹ́koma | ljudẹ̑m |
accusative tožȋlnik |
človẹ́ka | človẹ́ka | ljudȋ |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
človẹ́ku, človẹ́ki | ljudẹ́h | ljudẹ́h |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
človẹ́kom | človẹ́koma | ljudmí |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
člȏvek | človẹ̑ka | ljudjẹ̑ |
Common colloquial or archaic additional forms
[edit]- In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. This form was already included in the examples above.
- In the 18th century the endings -ama, -am, and -ah were more common; nowadays they are purely dialectal. These forms are also already included.
- All nowadays soft stems were up to 19th century declined as hard and that also holds true for most dialects.
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | izpuščȃj | ||
gen. sing. | izpuščȃja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃja | izpuščȃji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
izpuščȃja | izpuščȃjov | izpuščȃjov |
dative dajȃlnik |
izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji | izpuščȃjoma, izpuščȃjama | izpuščȃjom, izpuščȃjam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃja | izpuščȃje |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji | izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah | izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
izpuščȃjom | izpuščȃjoma, izpuščȃjama | izpuščȃji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
izpuščȃj | izpuščȃji | izpuščȃji |
- A lot of nouns nowadays following the second masculine declension are colloquially declined with t- (usually, sometimes -a changes to -e) or n- (Carinthian dialects) infix.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Lúka | ||
gen. sing. | Lúkata | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Lúka | Lúkata | Lúkati |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Lúkata | Lūkatov | Lūkatov |
dative dajȃlnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lúkatoma, Lúkatama | Lúkatom, Lúkatam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Lúkata | Lúkata | Lúkate |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lūkatih, Lūkatah | Lūkatih, Lūkatah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Lúkatom | Lúkatoma, Lúkatama | Lūkati |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Lȗka | Lȗkata | Lȗkati |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix, change of -a to -e | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Lúka | ||
gen. sing. | Lúketa | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Lúka | Lúketa | Lúketi |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Lúketa | Lūketov | Lūketov |
dative dajȃlnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lúketoma, Lúkatama | Lúketom, Lúkatam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Lúketa | Lúketa | Lúkete |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lūkatih, Lūkatah | Lūkatih, Lūkatah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Lúketom | Lúketoma, Lúkatama | Lūketi |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Lȗka | Lȗketa | Lȗketi |
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -n- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Lúka | ||
gen. sing. | Lúkana | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
Lúka | Lúkana | Lúkani |
genitive rodȋlnik |
Lúkana | Lūkanov | Lūkanov |
dative dajȃlnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lúkanoma, Lúkatama | Lúkanom, Lúkatam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
Lúkana | Lúkana | Lúkane |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
Lúkatu, Lúkati | Lūkatih, Lūkatah | Lūkatih, Lūkatah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
Lúkanom | Lúkanoma, Lúkatama | Lūkani |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
Lȗka | Lȗkana | Lȗkani |
Categories:
- Slovene masculine hard o-stem nouns
- Slovene masculine nouns with no infix
- Slovene masculine soft o-stem nouns
- Slovene masculine nouns with j-infix
- Slovene masculine nouns with t-infix
- Slovene masculine nouns with n-infix
- Slovene irregular nouns
- Slovene uncountable nouns
- Slovene masculine o-stem nouns with plural in -ov-