Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created, with the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

Pronoun

*só

1. this
2. that

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*só	*séh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*tósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*só	*tóh₁	*tóy
accusative	*tóm	*tóh₁	*tóms
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	*tóymos
dative	*tósmey	*?	*tóymos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂	*?	*téh₂es
accusative	*tā́m	*?	*téh₂m̥s
genitive	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂soHom
ablative	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂mos
dative	*tósyeh₂ey	*?	*téh₂mos
locative	*tósyeh₂	*?	*téh₂su
instrumental	*téh₂(e)h₁	*?	*téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
accusative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	*tóymos
dative	*tósmey	*?	*tóymos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys

Derived terms

• *to-ti-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: tot
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Sanskrit: तति (táti)
• *to-ty-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *totsos
    • Ancient Greek: τόσος (tósos), τόσσος (tóssos) — Epic
• *s-ih₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *sī
  • Proto-Germanic: *sī

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)
• Celtic: *so
  • Old Irish: so
    • Irish: seo
    • Scottish Gaelic: seo
    • Manx: shoh
• Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þar, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ho
  • Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τηλίκος (tēlíkos), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)
• Italic:
  • Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, tālis, iste, ita, ut
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sá, *sáH, *tád
    • Sanskrit: स (sá), सा (sā́), तद् (tád)
  • Proto-Iranian: *há, *háH, *tád
    • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀 (ha)