Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-kъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Nominal suffix. From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

Suffix

*-kъ m

1. Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)

   *porkъ (“sling”) ← *perti (“to propel, to strike”)

   *borkъ (“marriage”) ← *bьrati (“to pick, to collect”)

   *dorkъ (“scuffle; thornbush”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)

   *znakъ (“sign, symbol”) ← *znati (“to know”)

   *zorkъ (“phantasm”) ← *zьrěti (“to watch, to observe”)

   *mǫka (“grief, hardship, torture”) ← archaic *mьňati (“to belittle, to grind”) (compare the l-extension *mělь (“finely ground”))

2. From expressive or onomatopoetic interjections or verbs, forms onomatopoetic action nouns referring to the respective interjection or verb

   Synonyms: *-skъ, *-pъ

   *zvǫkъ (“sound”) ← *zvьněti (“to ring”)

   *pukъ (“pop”) ← *puxati (“to blow, to puff”)

   *vykъ (“shout”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь! (“woe, wail”)

   *krikъ (“cry, squeak”) ← *kričati (“to squeak”) ← *kri-kri!

   *čikъ-čirikъ (“chirp-chirp”) ← *čikъ-čirikati (“to tweet”) ← *či-či!

3. From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)
4. From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representations of the referred concept

   Synonym: *-yka

   *kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”) ← *kluti (“to peck”) ← *kolti (“to wreck, to slaugher, to stab”)

   *ęzykъ (“tongue, language”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ

5. (Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)
6. (Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)
7. (Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neural mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended

   *ęčьmykъ (“barley”) ← *ęčьmy (“barley”)

   *kamykъ (“stone”) ← *kamy (“stone, rock”)

   *kremykъ (“flint”) ← *kremy (“flint”)

   *polmykъ (“flame”) ← *polmy (“flame”)

   *remykъ (“strap”) ← *remy (“strap, belt”)

8. Extension of en-stem

   *koręcь (“snag, trunk”) ← *korękъ ← *korę-

   *měsęcь (“moon, month”) ← *měsękъ ← *měsę-

   *zajęcь (“rabbit”) ← *zajękъ ← *zaję-

Declension

Declension of *-kъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-kъ	*-ka	*-ci
genitive	*-ka	*-ku	*-kъ
dative	*-ku	*-koma	*-komъ
accusative	*-kъ	*-ka	*-ky
instrumental	*-kъmь, *-komь*	*-koma	*-ky
locative	*-cě	*-ku	*-cěxъ
vocative	*-če	*-ka	*-ci

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *porťa, *-tъ

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ

Etymology 2

Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.

Suffix

*-kъ

1. From basic prepositions

   *perkъ (“direct, across”) ← *per (“fore, across”)

   *opakъ (“reverse”) ← *po (“at, by, afterwards”)

   *pakъ (“again, then”) (only as an adverb) ← *pa- (“later”)

2. (Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ
3. (Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ

   *velikъ (“glorious”) ← *velьjь (“great”)

   *mьnikъ (“miniature”) ← *mьňьjь (“smaller”)

Declension

Indefinite declension of *-kъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-kъ	*-ka	*-ko
genitive	*-ka	*-ky	*-ka
dative	*-ku	*-kě	*-ku
accusative	*-kъ	*-kǫ	*-ko
instrumental	*-komь	*-kojǫ	*-komь
locative	*-kě	*-kě	*-kě
vocative	*-ke	*-ko	*-ko
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-ka	*-kě	*-kě
genitive	*-ku	*-ku	*-ku
dative	*-koma	*-kama	*-koma
accusative	*-ka	*-kě	*-kě
instrumental	*-koma	*-kama	*-koma
locative	*-ku	*-ku	*-ku
vocative	*-ka	*-kě	*-kě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-ki	*-ky	*-ka
genitive	*-kъ	*-kъ	*-kъ
dative	*-komъ	*-kamъ	*-komъ
accusative	*-ky	*-ky	*-ka
instrumental	*-ky	*-kami	*-ky
locative	*-kěxъ	*-kaxъ	*-kěxъ
vocative	*-ki	*-ky	*-ka

Definite declension of *-kъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-kъjь	*-kaja	*-koje
genitive	*-kajego	*-kyję̇	*-kajego
dative	*-kujemu	*-kěji	*-kujemu
accusative	*-kъjь	*-kǫjǫ	*-koje
instrumental	*-kyjimь	*-kǫjǫ	*-kyjimь
locative	*-kějemь	*-kěji	*-kějemь
vocative	*-kъjь	*-kaja	*-koje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-kaja	*-kěji	*-kěji
genitive	*-kuju	*-kuju	*-kuju
dative	*-kyjima	*-kyjima	*-kyjima
accusative	*-kaja	*-kěji	*-kěji
instrumental	*-kyjima	*-kyjima	*-kyjima
locative	*-kuju	*-kuju	*-kuju
vocative	*-kaja	*-kěji	*-kěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-kiji	*-kyję̇	*-kaja
genitive	*-kъjixъ	*-kъjixъ	*-kъjixъ
dative	*-kyjimъ	*-kyjimъ	*-kyjimъ
accusative	*-kyję̇	*-kyję̇	*-kaja
instrumental	*-kyjimi	*-kyjimi	*-kyjimi
locative	*-kyjixъ	*-kyjixъ	*-kyjixъ
vocative	*-kiji	*-kyję̇	*-kaja

See also

*-čь

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ

Etymology 3

Denotational suffix from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.

Suffix

*-kъ

1. From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs

   *takъ (“so that”) ← *tъ (“that one”)

   *jakъ (“such one”) ← *jь (“this one, previously mentioned”)

   *sicь (“such that”) ← *sь (“this one here”)

   *kakъ (“how”) ← *kъjь (“who”)

   *čakъ (“even so”) ← *čьjь (“which”)

   *vьśаkъ (“anyway”) ← *vьśь (“all”)

   *jьnаkъ (“otherwise”) ← *jьnъ (“other, different”)

   *tukъ (“here”) ← *tu (“here, demonstrative for location”)

   *dekъ (“where, so that”) ← *de (“locative particle”)

   *nekъ (“let/may it be so”) ← *ne (“negative particle”)

Declension

Declension of *-kъ (hard pronominal)

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*-kъ	*-ka	*-ko
Accusative	*-kъ	*-kǫ	*-ko
Genitive	*-kogo	*-koję̇	*-kogo
Locative	*-komь	*-koji	*-komь
Dative	*-komu	*-koji	*-komu
Instrumental	*-cěmь	*-kojǫ	*-cěmь
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*-ka	*-cě	*-cě
Accusative	*-ka	*-cě	*-cě
Genitive	*-koju	*-koju	*-koju
Locative	*-koju	*-koju	*-koju
Dative	*-cěma	*-cěma	*-cěma
Instrumental	*-cěma	*-cěma	*-cěma
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*-ci	*-ky	*-ka
Accusative	*-ky	*-ky	*-ka
Genitive	*-cěxъ	*-cěxъ	*-cěxъ
Locative	*-cěxъ	*-cěxъ	*-cěxъ
Dative	*-cěmъ	*-cěmъ	*-cěmъ
Instrumental	*-cěmi	*-cěmi	*-cěmi

References

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bьrakъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 160
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dьraka”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 216
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*elъkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 22
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmy”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 63
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 64
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęzykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 74
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “язык”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 467
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “язык”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kamykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 140
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kremykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 123
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*měsęcь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
• Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “месяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “песок”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 26
• Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “заяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa