kovati

Old Czech

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der.

Proto-Slavic *kovati

Old Czech kovati

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈkoʋaci/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈkovaci/

Verb

kovati impf

1. to forge, to hammer

   kovati zradu ― to prepare a betrayal

Conjugation

Conjugation of kovati (class V)

infinitive	supine	verbal noun
kovati	kovat	kovánie

	present			imperative
	singular	dual	plural	singular	dual	plural
1st person	kuju	kujevě (-va)	kujem (-me/-my)	—	kujvě (-va)	kujme (-my)
2nd person	kuješ	kujeta	kujete	kuj	kujta	kujte
3rd person	kuje	kujeta	kujú	kuj	kujta	kujte

	aorist (sigmatic)			imperfect
	singular	dual	plural	singular	dual	plural
1st person	kovach	kovachově (-va)	kovachom (-me/-my)	kovách, kujiech	kováchově, kujiechově (-va)	kováchom, kujiechom (-me/-my)
2nd person	kova	kovasta (-šta)	kovaste (-šte)	kováše, kujieše	kovášta, kujiešta (-sta)	kovášte, kujiešte (-ste)
3rd person	kova	kovasta (-šta)	kovachu	kováše, kujieše	kovášta, kujiešta (-sta)	kováchu, kujiechu

	l-participle			passive participle
	singular	dual	plural	singular	dual	plural
masculine	koval	kovala	kovali	kován	kována	kováni
feminine	kovala	kovale	kovaly	kována	kováně	kovány
neuter	kovalo	kovale	kovala	kováno	kováně	kována

	nt-participle			s-participle
	singular	dual	plural	singular	dual	plural
masculine	kujě	kujúce		kovav	kovavše
feminine	kujúci			kovavši
neuter	kujě, kujúci			kovav, kovavši

compound forms
perfect	Use the l-participle of kovati and the present tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. koval jest
pluperfect	Use the l-participle of kovati and one of the past tenses of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. koval bě/bieše/by / byl jest koval
future	Use the infinitive of kovati and the future tense of býti or less often present tense of the auxiliary verb chtieti or jmieti e.g. bude/chce/jmá kovati
future perfect	Use the l-participle of kovati and the future tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. bude koval
present conditional	Use the l-participle of kovati and the perfective aorist tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. koval by
past conditional	Use the l-participle of kovati and the perfect tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. byl by koval
passive	Use the passive participle of kovati and the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. kovánu býti, jest kován, bude kován
continuous	Use the nt-participle of kovati and the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. jest kujě, bude kujě

Note: This table shows the most common forms of kovati around the 13th/14th century. See also Appendix:Old Czech verbs and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Derived terms

• kov
• kovadlina
• kovadlník
• kovatel
• kovač
• kovárna
• kovář
• podkova

Descendants

• Czech: kovat, kout

Further reading

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “kovati”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati, analogical form of *kuti. First attested in the 15th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kǒʋati/
• Hyphenation: ko‧va‧ti

Verb

kòvati impf (Cyrillic spelling ко̀вати)

1. (transitive) to forge
2. (transitive) to mint, coin
3. (transitive) to plot, hatch

Conjugation

Conjugation of kovati

infinitive		kovati
present verbal adverb		kȕjūći
past verbal adverb		—
verbal noun		kòvānje
		singular			plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present		kujem	kuješ	kuje	kujemo	kujete	kuju
future	future I	kovat ću1 kovaću	kovat ćeš1 kovaćeš	kovat će1 kovaće	kovat ćemo1 kovaćemo	kovat ćete1 kovaćete	kovat ćē1 kovaćē
	future II	bȕdēm kovao2	bȕdēš kovao2	bȕdē kovao2	bȕdēmo kovali2	bȕdēte kovali2	bȕdū kovali2
past	perfect	kovao sam2	kovao si2	kovao je2	kovali smo2	kovali ste2	kovali su2
	pluperfect3	bȉo sam kovao2	bȉo si kovao2	bȉo je kovao2	bíli smo kovali2	bíli ste kovali2	bíli su kovali2
	imperfect	kovah	kovaše	kovaše	kovasmo	kovaste	kovahu
conditional	conditional I	kovao bih2	kovao bi2	kovao bi2	kovali bismo2	kovali biste2	kovali bi2
	conditional II4	bȉo bih kovao2	bȉo bi kovao2	bȉo bi kovao2	bíli bismo kovali2	bíli biste kovali2	bíli bi kovali2
imperative		—	kuj	—	kujmo	kujte	—
active past participle		kovao m / kovala f / kovalo n			kovali m / kovale f / kovala n
passive past participle		kovan m / kovana f / kovano n			kovani m / kovane f / kovana n

¹   Croatian spelling: others omit the infinitive suffix completely and bind the clitic.
²   For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
³   Often replaced by the past perfect in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
⁴   Often replaced by the conditional I in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
  *Note: The aorist and imperfect were not present in, or have nowadays fallen into disuse in, many dialects and therefore they are routinely replaced by the past perfect in both formal and colloquial speech.

Derived terms

• iskòvati
• nakòvati
• okòvati
• otkòvati
• potkòvati
• prekòvati
• prikòvati
• raskòvati
• skòvati
• ukòvati
• zakòvati

Related terms

• kòvāč

Further reading

• “kovati”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kovati, analogical form of *kuti. First attested in the 16th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔʋàːti/

Verb

kováti impf

1. to forge

Conjugation

-ovati -ujem (AP c)
infinitive	kováti
1st singular	kújem
infinitive	kováti			kovȁt
supine	kovȃt
verbal noun	kovȃnje
	participle			converb
present	kujọ̄č			kovȃje
past	kován			—
l-participle	masculine		feminine		neuter
singular	kovȃł		kovála		kovȃlo
dual	kovȃla		kovȃli		kovȃli
plural	kovȃli		kovȃle		kovȃla
	present			imperative
1st singular	kújem			—
2nd singular	kúješ			kūj
3rd singular	kúje			—
1st dual	kújeva			kȗjva
2nd dual	kújeta			kȗjta
3rd dual	kújeta			—
1st plural	kújemo			kȗjmo
2nd plural	kújete			kȗjte
3rd plural	kújejo			—

Derived terms

• nakováti
• okováti
• podkováti
• skováti
• zakováti

Further reading

• “kovati”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “kovati”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references