sál

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sal"

Afitti

Noun

sál

1. (Ditti) palm-leaf broom

Synonyms

• éjèl (Afitti)

References

• Alex de Voogt, A sketch of Affiti phonology, in Studies in African Linguistics 38:1 (2009)

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsaːl]

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Saal. First attested in the 18th century.

Noun

sál m inan

1. room
2. saloon
3. hall
4. theater (operating theater for surgery)

   Zraněného přivezli na operační sál.

Declension

Declension of sál (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	sál	sály
genitive	sálu	sálů
dative	sálu	sálům
accusative	sál	sály
vocative	sále	sály
locative	sále, sálu	sálech
instrumental	sálem	sály

Derived terms

• sálový

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

sál

1. third-person singular masculine past of sát

Further reading

• “sál”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “sál”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Hungarian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Schal, from English shawl, from Persian شال (šâl, “shawl, scarf”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈʃaːl]
• Hyphenation: sál
• Rhymes: -aːl

Noun

sál (plural sálak)

1. scarf
2. shawl

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	sál	sálak
accusative	sálat	sálakat
dative	sálnak	sálaknak
instrumental	sállal	sálakkal
causal-final	sálért	sálakért
translative	sállá	sálakká
terminative	sálig	sálakig
essive-formal	sálként	sálakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	sálban	sálakban
superessive	sálon	sálakon
adessive	sálnál	sálaknál
illative	sálba	sálakba
sublative	sálra	sálakra
allative	sálhoz	sálakhoz
elative	sálból	sálakból
delative	sálról	sálakról
ablative	sáltól	sálaktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	sálé	sálaké
non-attributive possessive – plural	sáléi	sálakéi

Possessive forms of sál

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	sálam	sáljaim
2nd person sing.	sálad	sáljaid
3rd person sing.	sálja	sáljai
1st person plural	sálunk	sáljaink
2nd person plural	sálatok	sáljaitok
3rd person plural	sáljuk	sáljaik

Derived terms

• nyaksál

Further reading

• sál in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsauːl]

  Rhymes: -auːl

Etymology 1

From Old Norse sál, from Old English sāwol, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwlu, *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō.

Noun

sál f (genitive singular sálar, nominative plural sálir)

1. a soul
   • Einar Benediktsson

     Aðgát skal höfð í nærveru sálar.

     Exercise caution in the presence of a soul.

   Blóð er gjaldmiðill sálarinnar.

   Blood is the currency of the soul.

Declension

Declension of sál (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	sál	sálin	sálir	sálirnar
accusative	sál	sálina	sálir	sálirnar
dative	sál	sálinni	sálum	sálunum
genitive	sálar	sálarinnar	sála	sálanna

Etymology 2

Attested since the 16th century; origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sahalō, from the root *seh- (“to cut”), originally denoting a bag sewn from cut-out pieces of skin; or perhaps from *sawalō, related to sjóður (“purse”), or from *saihalō, related to sár (“cask”).

Noun

sál f (genitive singular sálar, nominative plural sálar)

1. a skin bag

Declension

Declension of sál (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	sál	sálin	sálar	sálarnar
accusative	sál	sálina	sálar	sálarnar
dative	sál	sálinni	sálum	sálunum
genitive	sálar	sálarinnar	sála	sálanna

References

• Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989), “sál”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)

Anagrams

• lás
• slá

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /sˠɑːl̪ˠ/
• (Connacht, Ulster) IPA^(key): /sˠɑːlˠ/, /sˠaːlˠ/

Noun

sál f pl

1. genitive plural of sáil

Noun

sál f (genitive singular sáile, nominative plural sála)

1. alternative form of sáil (“heel”)

Declension

Declension of sál (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative sál sála vocative a shál a shála genitive sáile sál dative sál sála forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an tsál na sála genitive na sáile na sál dative leis an tsál don tsál leis na sála

Mutation

Mutated forms of sál

radical	lenition	eclipsis
sál	shál after an, tsál	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “sál”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 934; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “sál”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Old Irish

FWOTD – 25 January 2025

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsaːl/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *sālos (whence Welsh hâl (“salty water”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗh₂l. Akin to Latin sal and English salt.

Noun

sál m

1. salt water, brine, seawater
2. (poetic, by extension) sea, ocean
   • c. 900, Sanas Cormaic, from the Yellow Book of Lecan, Corm. Y 1132

     sáil-onn .i. cloch sáil

     sea-rock i.e. rock of the sea

Inflection

Masculine o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	sál	—	—
vocative	sáil	—	—
accusative	sálN	—	—
genitive	sáilL	—	—
dative	sálL	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Alternative forms

• sáile

Descendants

• Irish: sáile
• Scottish Gaelic: sàl

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sál (‘salt water’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *stātlā (compare Welsh sawdl), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).

Noun

sál f

1. heel
   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 68^b7

     sál ― (glosses Latin calx)

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	sálL	sáilL	sálaH
vocative	sálL	sáilL	sálaH
accusative	sáilN	sáilL	sálaH
genitive	sáileH	sálL	sálN
dative	sáilL	sálaib	sálaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• sál tre assa (“tonsure”, literally “heel through the shoe”)

Descendants

• Irish: sáil
• Manx: saayl
• Scottish Gaelic: sàil

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 sál (‘heel’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*stātlā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 354

Mutation

Mutation of sál

radical	lenition	nasalization
sál	ṡál	sál

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.