가다

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Jeju

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Cognate to Korean 가다 (gada).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?gada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?gada
Yale Romanization?kata

Verb

[edit]

가다 (gada)

  1. to go

References

[edit]
  • 제주문화예술재단 [jejumunhwayesuljaedan] (2009) “가다”, in 개정증보 제주어사전 [gaejeongjeungbo jejueosajeon]‎[1], 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido], →ISBN, page 16


Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 가다〮 (Yale: kàtá).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠da̠]
    • Audio:(file)
  • Phonetic hangul: [가다]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?gada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?gada
McCune–Reischauer?kada
Yale Romanization?kata

Verb

[edit]

가다 • (gada) (infinitive 가, sequential 가니) (more often intransitive, see Usage notes)

  1. to go
    Synonym: 예다 (yeda, archaic)
    Antonym: 오다 (oda, “to come”)
    가자! ― Gaja! ― Let's go!
    Audio (South Korea):(file)
    서울에 가요. ― Seour-e gayo. ― I'm going to Seoul.
    Audio (South Korea):(file)
    대화가 산으로 간다.
    Daehwa-ga saneuro ganda.
    The conversation is going nowhere.
    (literally, “The conversation is going to the mountains.”)
    그들은 개관식에 참석하러 베이징으로 갔다. (formal)
    Geudeur-eun gaegwansig-e chamseokhareo Beijing-euro gatda.
    They went to Beijing for the opening.
    Audio (South Korea):(file)
  2. (auxiliary, with 어) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.
    Antonym: 오다 (oda, continuous action from the past or towards the speaker)
    다 먹어간다. ― Da meogeoganda. ― I've almost finished my food.
    땅거미가 찾아오고 석양은 또 저물어 간다.
    Ttanggeomi-ga chajaogo seogyang-eun tto jeomureo ganda.
    Dusk has found its way, and the evening sun is setting again [and will continue to do so].
  3. (of cracks and wrinkles) to appear
    금이 간 유리 ― geum-i gan yuri ― glass that has cracked
  4. (of time) to pass
    Synonyms: 흐르다 (heureuda), 지나다 (jinada)
    올해도 또 다 갔다. ― Olhae-do tto da gatda. ― This year has all but passed away, too.
  5. (specifically transitive) to last
    사흘도 못 간 결심
    saheul-do mot gan gyeolsim
    a determination that did not last even three days
  6. (colloquial) to be knocked out (e.g. by a blow, by alcohol, etc.)
  7. (vulgar) to orgasm
  8. Used as the verbal element for nouns related to understanding or interest.
    짐작이 가. ― Jimjag-i ga. ― I can conjecture.
    관심이 가. ― Gwansim-i ga. ― I'm interested in it.
    인정은 못하겠는데 이해는 가.
    Injeong-eun mothagenneunde ihae-neun ga.
    I might not be able to accept it, but I understand.
  9. (euphemistic but not honorific) to pass away

Usage notes

[edit]
  • Transitivity: Korean verbs of movement are variably intransitive and transitive:
    • If the destination of the movement is not a space or only a small one, it is intransitive: 나무에 가다 (namu-e gada, “to go to a tree”), 내 방에 가다 (nae bang-e gada, “to go to my room”).
    • If the destination of the movement is an extended space into which one enters, it can be both transitive and intransitive with no significant change in meaning: 중국으로 가다 (junggug-euro gada, “to go to China”), 중국을 가다 (junggug-eul gada, “to go to China”). But intransitive use is rather more common, and transitive use may be understood as emphatic.
    • If the object is a path that one goes on, it is transitive: 길을 가다 (gir-eul gada, “to go on a road”), 인도를 가다 (indo-reul gada, “to go on the pavement”).
    • With the exception of "to last", which is always transitive, the various extended senses are intransitive.
  • Conjugation: This verb has two forms for the plain-style 해라체 (haerache) imperative. The blunt form is regular: 가라 (gara, “Go!”). The less blunt form is irregular: 가거라 (gageora, “Go (well)!”). Other verbs with the irregular non-blunt form include 일어나다 (ireonada, “to get up”), 자라다 (jarada, “to grow”), 자다 (jada, “to sleep”), and compound verbs ending in this verb. Historically, this reflects the perseverance of the Middle Korean suffix 거 (Yale: -ke-).

Conjugation

[edit]
    Selected forms of the verb 가다 (gada): vowel-stem, 가(ga)-irregular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 간다
ganda 		가
ga 		가요
gayo 		갑니다
gamnida
Past 갔다
gatda 		갔어
gasseo 		갔어요
gasseoyo 		갔습니다
gatseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 가느냐
ganeunya 		가
ga 		가요
gayo 		갑니까
gamnikka
Past 갔느냐
ganneunya 		갔어
gasseo 		갔어요
gasseoyo 		갔습니까
gatseumnikka
Hortative 가자
gaja		 가
ga		 가요
gayo		 가십시다
gasipsida
Imperative 가거라, 가라
gageora, gara		 가
ga		 가요
gayo		 갑시오
gapsio
Assertive 가겠다
gagetda		 가겠어
gagesseo		 가겠어요
gagesseoyo		 가겠습니다
gagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 가
ga		 가서
gaseo		 가니
gani		 가니까
ganikka
Contrast 가지만
gajiman		 가는데
ganeunde		 가더니
gadeoni
Conjunction 가고
gago
Condition 가면
gamyeon		 가야
gaya
Motive 가려고
garyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 감
gam		 가기
gagi
Past-tense verbal nouns 갔음
gasseum		 갔기
gatgi
Determiners Past 간
gan
Present 가는
ganeun
Future 갈
gal
Sentence-final forms with honorific
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 가신다
gasinda 		가셔
gasyeo 		가세요, 가셔요
gaseyo, gasyeoyo 		가십니다
gasimnida
Past 가셨다
gasyeotda 		가셨어
gasyeosseo 		가셨어요
gasyeosseoyo 		가셨습니다
gasyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 가시느냐
gasineunya 		가셔
gasyeo 		가세요, 가셔요
gaseyo, gasyeoyo 		가십니까
gasimnikka
Past 가셨느냐
gasyeonneunya 		가셨어
gasyeosseo 		가셨어요
gasyeosseoyo 		가셨습니까
gasyeotseumnikka
Imperative 가시라
gasira		 가셔
gasyeo		 가세요
gaseyo		 가십시오
gasipsio
Assertive 가시겠다
gasigetda		 가시겠어
gasigesseo		 가시겠어요
gasigesseoyo		 가시겠습니다
gasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 가셔
gasyeo		 가셔서
gasyeoseo		 가시니
gasini		 가시니까
gasinikka
Contrast 가시지만
gasijiman		 가시는데
gasineunde		 가시더니
gasideoni
Conjunction 가시고
gasigo
Condition 가시면
gasimyeon		 가셔야
gasyeoya
Motive 가시려고
gasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 가심
gasim		 가시기
gasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 가셨음
gasyeosseum		 가셨기
gasyeotgi
Determiners Past 가신
gasin
Present 가시는
gasineun
Future 가실
gasil

Derived terms

[edit]

(verbal expressions with nouns)

(compound verbs with verbs)

(other)

Middle Korean

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /kà.tá/, [kà.dá]

Verb

[edit]

가다〮 (kàtá) (infinitive 가〮, sequential 가니〮)

  1. (intransitive) to go (especially somewhere for a certain purpose)
    Antonym: 오다〮 (wòtá, “to come”)
  2. (auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.
    Antonym: 오다〮 (wòtá, continuous action from the past or towards the speaker)

Usage notes

[edit]

Middle Korean had two (possibly three) verbs equivalent to Modern 가다 (gada, “to go”) or English "to go": 가다〮 (kàtá), and 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá). The latter appears only in compound verbs and before the suffix 거 (-ke-). Some scholars believe that 녀다〮 (nyètá) and 니다〮 (nìtá) were separate verbs.

It is believed that 가다〮 (kàtá) had a stronger emphasis on the purpose of the movement, while 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá) had a stronger emphasis on the physical movement itself. For example, only 가다〮 (kàtá) is attested with a human indirect object (i.e. expressing "to go to a person [for something]"); the indirect objects taken by 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá) are all real or metaphorical spaces. However, both could be used to translate the same Chinese verb, showing that the semantic distinction was not so strict.

Conjugation

[edit]
Selected conjugations of 가다〮 (kàtá), Accentual class H!
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources.
Selected plain sentence-final forms
Declarative Interrogative Modulated
declarative
Polar question Wh-word question Second-person subject
Past 가다〮 (kàtá)
가니〮라〮 (kànílá)		 간가〮 (kànká)
가녀〮 (kànyé)		 간고〮 (kànkwó)
가뇨〮 (kànyó)		 간다〮 (kàntá) 가〯라〮 (kǎlá)
Present 가〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (kánòtá)
가〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (kánónìlá)		 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (kánònká)
가〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (kánònyé)		 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (kánònkwó)
가〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (kánònyó)		 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (kánòntá) 가〮노라〮 (kánwòlá)
Conjectural 가리〮라〮 (kàlílá) 가ᇙ가〮 (kàlqká)
가려〮 (kàlyé)		 가ᇙ고〮 (kàlqkwó)
가료〮 (kàlyó)		 가ᇙ다〮 (kàlqtá) 가〯리라〮 (kǎlìlá)
Retrospective/
imperfective 		가〮더라〮 (kátèlá)
가〮더〮니라〮 (káténìlá)		 가〮던가〮 (kátènká)
가〮더녀〮 (kátènyé)		 가〮던고〮 (kátènkwó)
가〮더뇨〮 (kátènyó)		 가〮던다〮 (kátèntá) 가〮다라〮 (kátàlá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
가〯마〮 (kǎmá, promissive)
가져〮 (kàcyé, hortative)
가라〮 (kàlá, order)
가고〮라〮 (kàkwólá, request)
간뎌〮 (kàntyé), 갈쎠〮 (kàlssyé)
가〮도다〮 (kátwòtá), 가〮돗다〮 (kátwòstá)
가〮애라〮 (káàylá)
Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms
Past 가ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàngìtá)
가니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàníngìtá)		 가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kàníngìská) 가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kàníngìskwó) no separate forms 가〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (kǎngìtá)
Present 가〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánóngìtá)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánòníngìtá)		 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kánòníngìská) 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kánòníngìskwó) 가〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánwóngìtá)
Conjectural 가리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàlíngìtá) 가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kàlíngìská) 가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kàlíngìskwó) 가〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kǎlíngìtá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
가〯마〮 (kǎmá, promissive)
가사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàsángìtá, hortative)
가〮쇼셔〮 (kásyòsyé, order)
가〮도다〮 (kátwòtá), 가〮돗다〮 (kátwòstá)
가〮애ᅌᅵ다〮 (káàyngìtá)
Selected honorific declarative forms
Past Present Conjectural Retrospective/
imperfective		 거 (-ke-) form
Plain subject-honoring 가〮시다〮 (kásìtá)
가〮시〮니라〮 (kásínìlá)		 가〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (kásínòtá)
가〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (kásìnónìlá)		 가〮시〮리라〮 (kásílìlá) 가〮더〮시다〮 (kátésìtá)
가〮더시〮니라〮 (kátèsínìlá)		 가〮거〮시다〮 (kákésìtá)
가〮거시〮니라〮 (kákèsínìlá)
Deferential subject-honoring 가〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásíngìtá)
가〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìníngìtá)		 가〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìnóngìtá)
가〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásínòníngìtá)		 가〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìlíngìtá) 가〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kátésíngìtá)
가〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kátésìníngìtá)		 가〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kákèsíngìtá)
가〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kákésìníngìtá)
Selected connective forms
Connective Causative Conditional/situating Contrastive/concessive Purposive/desiderative Infinitive
가고〮 (kàkwó)
가며〮 (kàmyé)
가〮다가〮 (kátàká)		 가니〮 (kàní)
가〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (kákènól)
갈ᄊᆡ〮 (kàlssóy, only in declarative)
가관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (kàkwántóy, only in interrogative)		 가면〮 (kàmyén)
가〮거든〮 (kákètún)
간대〮 (kàntáy)
가〮건댄〮 (kákèntáyn)		 가나〮 (kàná)
가〯ᄃᆡ〮 (kǎtóy)
간ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (kàntól)
가〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (kákénmàlón)		 가〯려〮 (kǎlyé)
가고〮져〮 (kàkwócyé, desires own action)
가과〮뎌〮 (kàkwátyé, desires other's action)		 가〮 (ká)
Adnominal/gerundive forms
Past Present Conjectural
Unmodulated non-honorific 간 (kàn) 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (kánón) 가ᇙ (kàlq)
Modulated non-honorific 간〯 (kǎn) 가〮논〮 (kánwón) 가ᇙ〯 (kǎlq)
Unmodulated subject-honoring 가〮신〮 (kásín) 가〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (kásìnón) 가〮시ᇙ〮 (kásílq)
Substantive forms
Plain Subject-honoring
감〯 (kǎm)
가〮샴〮 (kásyám)


Descendants

[edit]
  • Korean: 가다 (gada)

References

[edit]
  • 김천학 [gimcheonhak] (2004) “中(중)世(세)國(국)語(어) '가다, 니다, 녀다'에 관한 考(고)察(찰) [A study of ka-ta, ni-ta, and nye-ta in Middle Korean]”, in Eomun yeon'gu, volume 32, number 4, pages 141—162
  • 南(남)星(성)祐(우) (2020) “杜(두)詩(시)諺(언)解(해)의 同(동)義(의)語(어) 硏(연)究(구) [A study of synonyms in the Dusi eonhae]”, in Han'gugeosa yeon'gu, volume 6, pages 7—141
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=가다&oldid=82471935"